OSHA Recordkeeping Common Problems

Instructor Patti Kapperman, ISCS Patti.kapperman@bwc.state.oh.us (567) 204-8916 University of Findlay Private industry experience

Recordkeeping vs. Workers’ Compensation OSHA Recordkeeping regulations are federal regulations which apply nationally Workers’ Compensation laws are made by the Ohio Legislature and only apply to businesses conducting business in Ohio and their Ohio based employees. They have no relationship to each other Examples WC = employee feels light headed so goes to hospital in ambulance. The hospital runs a few blood tests and finds nothing wrong with employee. Keeps employee for observation for a few hours and tells employee they can go back to work tomorrow. WC = employee A gets splashed with blood while assisting employee B with an injury. Employee A goes to hospital for testing for infectious diseases. No diseases are found and does not meet any of the general recording criteria. OSHA = employee injures his back picking up a part and goes to hospital. Employer takes claim to IC where it is determine that due to pre-existing degenerative disorder, this claim is not work related Administration and legal determine of compensable Safety determine OSHA Recordkeeping

Letters of Interpretation 1904 regulation links 215 LOI LOI is the law and fully enforceable LOI’s clarify the regulation

The decision tree for recording work-related injuries and illnesses. No Did the employee experience an injury or illness? Yes No Is the injury or illness work-related? Yes No Update the previously recorded injury or illness entry if necessary. Is the injury or illness a new case? Yes Does the injury or illness meet the general recording criteria or the application to specific cases? Yes No Record the injury or illness Do not record the injury or illness

Work Relatedness PRESUMPTION of work relatedness Work environment 9 Exemptions Cause, contribute, discernable Event or exposure You must consider an injury or illness to be work-related if an event or exposure in the work environment either caused or contributed to the resulting condition or significantly aggravated a pre-existing injury or illness. Work-relatedness is presumed for injuries and illnesses resulting from events or exposures occurring in the work environment, unless an exception in § 1904.5(b)(2) specifically applies. OSHA defines the work environment as "the establishment and other locations where one or more employees are working or are present as a condition of their employment. The work environment includes not only physical locations, but also the equipment or materials used by the employee during the course of his or her work."

Scenario 1: An employee reports to work Scenario 1: An employee reports to work. Several hours later, the employee goes outside for a "smoke break." The employee slips on the ice and injures his back. Since the employee was not performing a task related to the employee's work, the company has deemed this incident non-work related and therefore not recordable. Is this work related? Answer: Under Section 1904.5(b)(2)(v), an injury or illness is not work-related if it is solely the result of an employee doing personal tasks (unrelated to their employment) at the establishment outside of the employee's assigned working hours. In order for this exception to apply, the case must meet both of the stated conditions. The exception does not apply here because the injury or illness occurred within normal working hours. Therefore, your case in question is work-related, and if it meets the general recording criteria under Section 1904.7 the case must be recorded.   Interpretation Letter 1/15/2004 – Evaluation of seven scenarios for work-relatedness and recordkeeping requirements. (Scenario 4)

Scenario 1: An employee reports to work Scenario 1: An employee reports to work. Several hours later, the employee goes outside for a "smoke break." The employee slips on the ice and injures his back. Since the employee was not performing a task related to the employee's work, the company has deemed this incident non-work related and therefore not recordable. Yes Answer: Under Section 1904.5(b)(2)(v), an injury or illness is not work-related if it is solely the result of an employee doing personal tasks (unrelated to their employment) at the establishment outside of the employee's assigned working hours. In order for this exception to apply, the case must meet both of the stated conditions. The exception does not apply here because the injury or illness occurred within normal working hours. Therefore, your case in question is work-related, and if it meets the general recording criteria under Section 1904.7 the case must be recorded.   Interpretation Letter 1/15/2004 – Evaluation of seven scenarios for work-relatedness and recordkeeping requirements. (Scenario 4)

Scenario 2: An employee drives into the company parking lot at 7:30 a Scenario 2: An employee drives into the company parking lot at 7:30 a.m., exits his car, and proceeds to cross the parking lot to clock-in to work. A second employee, also on the way to work, approaches the first employee, and the two individuals get into a physical altercation in the parking lot. The first employee breaks an arm during the altercation. The employee goes to the doctor and receives medical treatment for his injury. The company deems this non-work related, and therefore non-recordable, since the employees had not yet reported to work and a work task was not being performed at the time of the altercation. Is this case work related? Answer: The recordkeeping regulation contains no general exception for purposes of determining work-relationship for cases involving acts of violence in the work environment. Company parking lots/access roads are part of the employer's premises and therefore part of the employer's establishment. Whether the employee had not clocked in to work does not affect the outcome for determining work-relatedness. The case is recordable on the OSHA log, because the injury meets the general recording criteria contained in Section 1904.7.   Interpretation Letter 1/15/2004 – Evaluation of seven scenarios for work-relatedness and recordkeeping requirements. (Scenario 5)

Scenario 2: An employee drives into the company parking lot at 7:30 a Scenario 2: An employee drives into the company parking lot at 7:30 a.m., exits his car, and proceeds to cross the parking lot to clock-in to work. A second employee, also on the way to work, approaches the first employee, and the two individuals get into a physical altercation in the parking lot. The first employee breaks an arm during the altercation. The employee goes to the doctor and receives medical treatment for his injury. The company deems this non-work related, and therefore non-recordable, since the employees had not yet reported to work and a work task was not being performed at the time of the altercation. Yes Answer: The recordkeeping regulation contains no general exception for purposes of determining work-relationship for cases involving acts of violence in the work environment. Company parking lots/access roads are part of the employer's premises and therefore part of the employer's establishment. Whether the employee had not clocked in to work does not affect the outcome for determining work-relatedness. The case is recordable on the OSHA log, because the injury meets the general recording criteria contained in Section 1904.7.   Interpretation Letter 1/15/2004 – Evaluation of seven scenarios for work-relatedness and recordkeeping requirements. (Scenario 5) .

Pre-Existing Condition Injury or illness that resulted solely from a non- work-related event or exposure that occurred outside the work environment See bullet 2 of Exemptions There is no medical definition related to Recordkeeping

Significant Aggravation An event or exposure in the work environment results in any of the following for a pre-existing condition: Death Loss of consciousness One or more days away from work, days of restricted work, or job transfer where there wasn’t before Medical treatment where no medical treatment was previously needed or a change in medical treatment was necessitated

Scenario 3: Is an injury sustained by an employee while he or she is engaged in an activity such as walking, bending, tripping, climbing a staircase, sneezing, etc considered work-related? You also ask whether the determination of work-relationship would be affected by the existence of a pre-existing condition, whether work-related or non-work-related, affecting the same body part that is injured. Is the determination of work relatedness affected by a pre-existing condition? Answer: If an employee's pre-existing condition is worsened as a result of an event or exposure at work, the case is not work-related unless the work event or exposure "significantly aggravated" the preexisting condition (i.e., the case meets the recording criteria contained in Section 1904.5(b)(4). If the employee with a pre-existing work-related injury to a body part suffers a subsequent work-related injury of the same type to the same body part, the subsequent injury is recordable (assuming the general recording criteria are met) if it is a "new case" as discussed in Section 1904.6.   In each of the eight scenarios in your letter, the activity engaged in by the employee at the time of the injury (walking, tripping, climbing a staircase, sneezing, bending down) is an "event" which would trigger application of the presumption. In the absence of evidence to overcome the presumption, the injury is work-related. Thus, in the absence of evidence to overcome the presumption, an ankle injury caused by a trip that occurred while the employee was walking down a level seamless hallway at work is work-related, regardless of whether the accident is attributable to a defect in the hall. By the same reasoning, if the activity of walking down a hallway caused the employee's knee to buckle or to sprain the ankle, the injury is work-related. If an injury or illness did not result from an identifiable event or exposure in the work environment, but only manifested itself during work, the injury is not work-related. For example, if the employee had a non-occupational event or exposure, and there is no evidence of a work-related event or exposure that was a cause of the injury or illness, the injury should not be recorded. The work event or exposure need only be one of the discernable causes; it need not be the sole or predominant cause. The preamble to the rule contains a passage that is relevant in determining whether this presumption applies in the scenarios in your letter. The preamble states, in relevant part, as follows: In applying [the presumption of work-relatedness],the question employers must answer is whether there is an identifiable event or exposure which occurred in the work environment and resulted in the injury or illness. "Thus, if an employee trips while walking across a level factory floor, theresulting injury is considered work-related under the geographic presumption because the precipitating event - the tripping accident - occurred in the workplace. The case is work-related even if the employer cannot determine why the employee tripped, or whether any particular workplace hazard caused the accident to occur. " Interpretation Letter - 01/13/2004 - Determining work-relatedness when the work event or exposure is only one of the discernable causes; not the sole or predominant cause.

Scenario 3: Is an injury sustained by an employee while he or she is engaged in an activity such as walking, bending, tripping, climbing a staircase, sneezing, etc considered work-related? You also ask whether the determination of work-relationship would be affected by the existence of a pre-existing condition, whether work-related or non-work-related, affecting the same body part that is injured. Yes Answer: If an employee's pre-existing condition is worsened as a result of an event or exposure at work, the case is not work-related unless the work event or exposure "significantly aggravated" the preexisting condition (i.e., the case meets the recording criteria contained in Section 1904.5(b)(4). If the employee with a pre-existing work-related injury to a body part suffers a subsequent work-related injury of the same type to the same body part, the subsequent injury is recordable (assuming the general recording criteria are met) if it is a "new case" as discussed in Section 1904.6.   In each of the eight scenarios in your letter, the activity engaged in by the employee at the time of the injury (walking, tripping, climbing a staircase, sneezing, bending down) is an "event" which would trigger application of the presumption. In the absence of evidence to overcome the presumption, the injury is work-related. Thus, in the absence of evidence to overcome the presumption, an ankle injury caused by a trip that occurred while the employee was walking down a level seamless hallway at work is work-related, regardless of whether the accident is attributable to a defect in the hall. By the same reasoning, if the activity of walking down a hallway caused the employee's knee to buckle or to sprain the ankle, the injury is work-related. If an injury or illness did not result from an identifiable event or exposure in the work environment, but only manifested itself during work, the injury is not work-related. For example, if the employee had a non-occupational event or exposure, and there is no evidence of a work-related event or exposure that was a cause of the injury or illness, the injury should not be recorded. The work event or exposure need only be one of the discernable causes; it need not be the sole or predominant cause. The preamble to the rule contains a passage that is relevant in determining whether this presumption applies in the scenarios in your letter. The preamble states, in relevant part, as follows: In applying [the presumption of work-relatedness],the question employers must answer is whether there is an identifiable event or exposure which occurred in the work environment and resulted in the injury or illness. "Thus, if an employee trips while walking across a level factory floor, theresulting injury is considered work-related under the geographic presumption because the precipitating event - the tripping accident - occurred in the workplace. The case is work-related even if the employer cannot determine why the employee tripped, or whether any particular workplace hazard caused the accident to occur. " Interpretation Letter - 01/13/2004 - Determining work-relatedness when the work event or exposure is only one of the discernable causes; not the sole or predominant cause. no

Scenario 4: An employee reported to work and another employee noticed he was sweating profusely.  Once the employee was on the job site, he put on the proper PPE for the task at hand.  This PPE consisted of rubber boots, rubber gloves, a slicker suit, hard hat with face shield and goggles.  The employee then stated that he had been sweating a lot since he left his house to come to work and wasn't feeling well.  An on-site paramedic was notified and the employee was put into an ambulance and was administered oxygen and an IV of saline shift paramedic as a precautionary measure since they were unsure of his illness.  The employee was transported to the hospital for further evaluation.  The hospital continued the saline IV and had vitals monitored and a blood test done.  Is this case work-related? If so, is this an OSHA Recordable? Answer: You must consider an injury or illness to be work-related if an event or exposure in the work environment either caused or contributed to the resulting condition or significantly aggravated a pre-existing injury or illness.  Based on the description provided in your scenario, it is likely the employee's activities at work (i.e. donning and wearing the described PPE) contributed to his condition.  Administration of oxygen and use of an IV solution to relieve heat stress are both considered medical treatments for OSHA recordkeeping purposes.  Therefore the case should be recorded on your OSHA Log.   Interpretation Letter 10/06/2009 - Clarification of preexisting injury/illness and recordkeeping

Scenario 4: An employee reported to work and another employee noticed he was sweating profusely.  Once the employee was on the job site, he put on the proper PPE for the task at hand.  This PPE consisted of rubber boots, rubber gloves, a slicker suit, hard hat with face shield and goggles.  The employee then stated that he had been sweating a lot since he left his house to come to work and wasn't feeling well.  An on-site paramedic was notified and the employee was put into an ambulance and was administered oxygen and an IV of saline by the shift paramedic as a precautionary measure since they were unsure of his illness.  The employee was transported to the hospital for further evaluation.  The hospital continued the saline IV and had vitals monitored and a blood test done.  Is this case work-related? If so, is this an OSHA Recordable? Yes Answer: You must consider an injury or illness to be work-related if an event or exposure in the work environment either caused or contributed to the resulting condition or significantly aggravated a pre-existing injury or illness.  Based on the description provided in your scenario, it is likely the employee's activities at work (i.e. donning and wearing the described PPE) contributed to his condition.  Administration of oxygen and use of an IV solution to relieve heat stress are both considered medical treatments for OSHA recordkeeping purposes.  Therefore the case should be recorded on your OSHA Log.   Interpretation Letter 10/06/2009 - Clarification of preexisting injury/illness and recordkeeping

Routine Function Work activities the employee regularly performs at least once per week. One of the most common recordkeeping errors Employee gets a no left hand restriction. Would an employee normally use left hand at least once per week? If so, restricted work. What about job rotation? Restricted work occurs when, as the result of a work-related injury or illness:1904.7(b)(4)(i)(A) You keep the employee from performing one or more of the routine functions of his or her job, or from working the full workday that he or she would otherwise have been scheduled to work; or1904.7(b)(4)(i)(B) A physician or other licensed health care professional recommends that the employee not perform one or more of the routine functions of his or her job, or not work the full workday that he or she would otherwise have been scheduled to work.1904.7(b)(4)(ii) What is meant by "routine functions"? For recordkeeping purposes, an employee's routine functions are those work activities the employee regularly performs at least once per week. a recommended work restriction is recordable only if it affects one or more of the employee's routine job functions. To determine whether this is the case, you must evaluate the restriction in light of the routine functions of the injured or ill employee's job. If the restriction from you or the physician or other licensed health care professional keeps the employee from performing one or more of his or her routine job functions, or from working the full workday the injured or ill employee would otherwise have worked, the employee's work has been restricted and you must record the case.

First Aid vs. Medical Treatment ANY treatment not listed on first aid list is medical treatment and, therefore, recordable. Diagnostic procedures (x-rays) and observation Prescription medications

Scenario 5: Identify whether these two types of treatments constitute first aid or medical treatment for purposes of applying OSHA's recordkeeping rule and provide your reasoning. 1. The use of glue to close a wound.   2. The use of a prescription antibiotic to prevent a possible infection for a puncture wound. Answer: The use of medical glue to close a wound is not first aid, and therefore must be considered medical treatment. First aid includes the use of the following wound-covering devices: bandages, Band Aids©, gauze pads, butterfly bandages, or Steri-Strips©, 29 CFR 1904.7(b)(5)(ii)(D). Other wound-closing devices, such as sutures, staples, tapes, or glues are considered medical treatment.  See 66 FR 5989 (January 19, 2001). Answer: Under the rule, the use of prescription medication to treat a wound is medical treatment. This follows even if the medication is an antibiotic or antiseptic administered following an injury to prevent a possible infection. In the preamble to the rule, OSHA specifically considered and rejected an exception for prescription antibiotics or antiseptics.   See 66 FR 5986.

Scenario 5: Identify whether these two types of treatments constitute first aid or medical treatment for purposes of applying OSHA's recordkeeping rule and provide your reasoning. 1. The use of glue to close a wound.   2. The use of a prescription antibiotic to prevent a possible infection for a puncture wound. Medical Treatment Answer: The use of medical glue to close a wound is not first aid, and therefore must be considered medical treatment. First aid includes the use of the following wound-covering devices: bandages, Band Aids©, gauze pads, butterfly bandages, or Steri-Strips©, 29 CFR 1904.7(b)(5)(ii)(D). Other wound-closing devices, such as sutures, staples, tapes, or glues are considered medical treatment.   See 66 FR 5989 (January 19, 2001). Answer: Under the rule, the use of prescription medication to treat a wound is medical treatment. This follows even if the medication is an antibiotic or antiseptic administered following an injury to prevent a possible infection. In the preamble to the rule, OSHA specifically considered and rejected an exception for prescription antibiotics or antiseptics. See 66 FR 5986.

Common Recordkeeping Errors 300 Log not filled out fully Numbers in columns where check marks belong Poor communication between Safety and HR Temporary employees not included on Log Confused OSHA requirements with BWC requirements Column F does not contain enough information 300 Log not filled out fully Numbers in columns where check marks belong Poor communication between Safety and HR Temporary employees not included on Log Confused OSHA requirements with BWC requirements Column F does not contain enough information

Common Recordkeeping Errors Using a physicians opinion to determine “significant aggravation” Failure to accurately record restricted work No Return to Work forms No case numbers Incomplete FROI or no 301 Using a physicians opinion to determine “significant aggravation” Failure to accurately record restricted work No Return to Work forms No case numbers Incomplete FROI or no 301

Scenario 6: An employee is injured and is placed under a work restriction(s) by a physician; however, the employer does not have any available restricted work for a period of time. Should this case be classified as "Days away from work" or "Job transfer or restriction"? Answer: We will assume the employer sent the employee home since there wasn't any restricted work available for the employee at the establishment. As the 1/20/2000 Federal Register preamble discussion, of section 1904.7 states, "the final rule's restricted work provisions also clarify that work restriction must be imposed by the employer or be recommended by a health care professional before the case is recordable. Only the employer has the ultimate authority to restrict an employee's work, so the definition is clear that, although a health care professional may recommend the restriction, the employer makes the final determination of whether or not the health care professional's recommended restriction involves the employee's routine functions. In your above scenario, the employer was more restrictive than the physician. Since the employer sent the employee home, this injury must be recorded as "Days away from work."   Interpretation Letter: 6/23/2006 - No Restricted Work Available

Scenario 6: An employee is injured and is placed under a work restriction(s) by a physician; however, the employer does not have any available restricted work for a period of time. Should this case be classified as "Days away from work" or "Job transfer or restriction"? Days away Answer: We will assume the employer sent the employee home since there wasn't any restricted work available for the employee at the establishment. As the 1/20/2000 Federal Register preamble discussion, of section 1904.7 states, "the final rule's restricted work provisions also clarify that work restriction must be imposed by the employer or be recommended by a health care professional before the case is recordable. Only the employer has the ultimate authority to restrict an employee's work, so the definition is clear that, although a health care professional may recommend the restriction, the employer makes the final determination of whether or not the health care professional's recommended restriction involves the employee's routine functions. In your above scenario, the employer was more restrictive than the physician. Since the employer sent the employee home, this injury must be recorded as "Days away from work."   Interpretation Letter: 6/23/2006 - No Restricted Work Available

Scenario 7: An employee was performing routine work activities in a manufacturing setting and was struck by an object that caused damage to his dental bridge. The employee to date has chosen not to seek any medical or dental treatment or consultation. Would damage to a denture in the presence of no other discernable injury be considered a recordable injury requiring entry on the OSHA 300 log even when medical treatment is not administered? Answer: Damage only to an employee's denture would not be a recordable injury. Section 1904.7(b) provides that a work-related injury or illness must be recorded on the OSHA 300 Log if it results in death, days away from work, restricted work or transfer to another job, medical treatment beyond first aid, loss of consciousness, or a serious injury or illness diagnosed by a physician or other licensed health care professional. Section 1907.7(b)(7) provides that only a physician or other licensed health care professional can diagnose a serious or significant injury or illness. Work-related cases involving cancer, chronic irreversible disease, a fractured or cracked bone, or a punctured eardrum must always be recorded under the general criteria at the time of diagnosis by a physician or other licensed health care professional. OSHA believes that cancer, chronic irreversible diseases, fractured or cracked bones, and punctured eardrums are generally considered significant injuries and illnesses, and must be recorded at the initial diagnosis even if medical treatment or work restrictions are not recommended. As discussed in the preamble of the Recordkeeping final rule, work-related fractures of bones or teeth are recognized as constituting significant diagnoses and, if the condition is work-related, are appropriately-recorded at the time of initial diagnosis even if the case does not involve any of the other general recording criteria (Federal Register/Vol. 66, No. 13/Friday, January 19, 2001/Rules and Regulations/page 5995). Thus, for purposes of Part 1904, injuries and illnesses are limited to disorders and abnormal conditions related to a person. Damage to artificial or mechanical devices, such as dentures, eye glasses, canes, or prosthetic arms or legs, would not be considered an injury or illness under Part 1904.   Interpretation Letter: 4/3/2007 - Whether damage to employee dentures is a recordable injury

Scenario 7: An employee was performing routine work activities in a manufacturing setting and was struck by an object that caused damage to his dental bridge. The employee to date has chosen not to seek any medical or dental treatment or consultation. Would damage to a denture in the presence of no other discernable injury be considered a recordable injury requiring entry on the OSHA 300 log even when medical treatment is not administered? no Answer: Damage only to an employee's denture would not be a recordable injury. Section 1904.7(b) provides that a work-related injury or illness must be recorded on the OSHA 300 Log if it results in death, days away from work, restricted work or transfer to another job, medical treatment beyond first aid, loss of consciousness, or a serious injury or illness diagnosed by a physician or other licensed health care professional. Section 1907.7(b)(7) provides that only a physician or other licensed health care professional can diagnose a serious or significant injury or illness. Work-related cases involving cancer, chronic irreversible disease, a fractured or cracked bone, or a punctured eardrum must always be recorded under the general criteria at the time of diagnosis by a physician or other licensed health care professional. OSHA believes that cancer, chronic irreversible diseases, fractured or cracked bones, and punctured eardrums are generally considered significant injuries and illnesses, and must be recorded at the initial diagnosis even if medical treatment or work restrictions are not recommended. As discussed in the preamble of the Recordkeeping final rule, work-related fractures of bones or teeth are recognized as constituting significant diagnoses and, if the condition is work-related, are appropriately-recorded at the time of initial diagnosis even if the case does not involve any of the other general recording criteria (Federal Register/Vol. 66, No. 13/Friday, January 19, 2001/Rules and Regulations/page 5995). Thus, for purposes of Part 1904, injuries and illnesses are limited to disorders and abnormal conditions related to a person. Damage to artificial or mechanical devices, such as dentures, eye glasses, canes, or prosthetic arms or legs, would not be considered an injury or illness under Part 1904.   Interpretation Letter: 4/3/2007 - Whether damage to employee dentures is a recordable injury

Questions?