Types of cells and their organelles The Cell Types of cells and their organelles

I. Where did the Cell come from? A. In 1665 Robert Hooke cut a thin slice of cork and saw tiny empty boxes and called them cells

B. At the same time Anton van Leeuwenhoek used a single-lens microscope to observe pond water it revealed a tiny world of microscopic organisms

C. Types of microscopes that allowed the detailed study of cells include: 1. Light microscopes (compound microscope) – used to study stained or living cells (1000xs) 2. Electron microscopes – used to study detailed structures of a cell

II. The Cell Theory A. Came to be about after 3 separate scientists combined their findings 1. Mattias Schleiden concluded plants are made up of cells 2.Theodor Schwann stated all animals are made up of cells 3. Rudolf Virchow concluded that new cells could be produced only by the division of existing cells B. These findings summarize the fundamental concept

II. The Cell Theory 1. All living things are composed of cells 2.Cells are the basic unit of structure & function in living things 3. New cells are produced from existing cells

III. Comparing Cells A. Cells come in many sizes. The shape of a cell will tell you a lot about the cells function

IV. 2 classes of cells Prokaryotic (simple) No nucleus nucleoid Eukaryotic (true cell) Nucleus Other organelles

V. The Organelles Animal Cell (eukaryotic) Organelle – “little organs”

A. PlasmaMembrane Double-layer structure made up of phospholipids (hydrophobic & hydrophilic ends)& proteins Direct what goes in & out of the cell (semipermeable) a.k.a the “gatekeeper” Cheek cells 

A. Plasma Membrane The proteins along the membrane can be classified as Recognition/Adhesion proteins – form junctions and allow for cell recognition Receptor proteins – docking sites for hormones Transport proteins – active transport of large solutes across membrane Channel proteins – selectively allow passage of ions/molecules

B. Cytoplasm Gel like material inside cell, keeps all organelles in place (solution)

C. Nucleus Directs all activity within the cell (a.k.a “the boss”) Surrounded by a nuclear envelope that allows items to move in & out of nuclear pores Gets control directions from DNA (chromatin) Nucleolus also found in nucleus – responsible for making proteins (rRNA is made)

D. Mitochondria Releases energy (ATP) by breaking down food so the cell can use it to carry out daily functions

E. Ribosomes Make protein with the help of the nucleolus. Composed of 2 subunits of proteins & RNA Ribosomes can be located on the endoplasmic reticulum or free in the cytoplasm.

F. Endoplasmic Reticulum “Highway” of the cell, in charge of moving materials through the cell as well as lipid assembly. Two types of ER: 1. Smooth ER - no ribosomes (makes lipids/hormones/steroids) 2. Rough ER - attached ribosomes (secretes proteins)

G. Golgi Bodies Modify, Sorts & packages substances made inside cell to be sent out in tiny sacs called vesicles. a.k.a. “giftwrapper” Also produce lysosomes

H. Vacuoles Stores water, food, salt and/or waste products. Are small and numerous in animal cells Only 1 and is very large in plant cells

I. Lysosome (found only in animal cells) Digest cell wastes: such as food, bacteria, old cell parts. a.k.a “ the garbage man”

J. Cytoskeleton & Centrioles Help support the cell. A network of protein filaments that help the cell maintain its shape and can also be involved with cell movement. Centrioles Small structures that are located near nucleus and help organize cell with cell division with microtubles (only in animal cells)

K. Peroxisomes Detoxify various substances producing hydrogen peroxide as a byproduct. Contain enzymes that break down H2O2 into oxygen & water Common in liver & kidney cells

VI. Organelles found only in Plant Cells A. Chloroplast 1. Captures light energy from the sun for the cell to use B. Cell Wall 1. Gives support, protection, and shape to plant cells Cell wall- cellulose in plants, chitin in fungi.

VII. Cilia & Flagella A. These 2 structures can be used for locomotion 1. Cilia – short small projections found only in eukaryotic cells 2. Flagellum – long slender whip-like projection found in both eukaryotic & prokaryotic cells

VIII. From Cell to Organism Cells in many-celled organism do not work alone. Each carries on its own functions while depending in some way on other cells. Cells working together make a tissue, Tissues are organized into organs, Organs grouped together to perform a specific function is an Organ System. Cells  Tissue  Organ  Organ System  Organism

Lets Play….Name that organelle Stores material???? Organelle that manages or controls all the cell functions in a eukaryotic cell????? Digests excess or worn-out cell parts, food particles and invading viruses or bacteria

QUICK….What type of cell is this?