Anatomical Terms and Reference Points Mr. Fluck Athletic Training Terms #1 worksheet

Why do we use these terms?  Medical language  Common language and way of describing the body between medical professionals

Anatomical position  Anatomical Starting point  Unless another position is specifically mentioned

Planes of the body  Sagital Plane – invisible line that divides the body into equal right and left halves  Transverse (horizontal) Plane – Invisible line that divides the body into equal top and bottom halves  Coronal (frontal) Plane – Invisible line that divides the body into equal front and back halves  Center of gravity - exists at the intersection of all three planes

The Planes of the body

Flexion / Extension  Flexion - Decreasing the angle of a joint  Extension Increasing the angle of a joint

Supination / Pronation  Supination – Turning the palms upward  Pronation – Turning the palms downward

Circumduction  Moving an appendage in a cone like motion

Adduction / Abduction  Add vs. Abd A B duction A B duction  Adduction - to move a body part closer to the Sagital Plane  Abduction – to move a body part away from the Sagital Plane  Jumping Jacks

Horizontal Abd and Adduction  Moving a limb either toward or away from the Sagital Plane while the limb remains parallel to the transverse Plane

Medial  Closer to the Sagital Plane  The “inside”  Usually used to refer to a location of something on the body The athlete presents with a bruise on the medial side of the thigh The athlete presents with a bruise on the medial side of the thigh

Lateral  Further away from the Sagital Plane  The “outside”  Usually used to refer to a location of something on the body The player was weight bearing and was struck in the lateral side of the knee The player was weight bearing and was struck in the lateral side of the knee

Distal  Something that is further from the middle of the body or something is further from the middle of the body than something else  “further away ”  Distal – sounds like distance  The fracture occurred in the distal 1/3 of the Femur

Proximal  Something that is closer to the middle of the body or something is closer to the middle of the body than something else  “closer”  Proximal – sounds like proximity  Proximal IP Joint  The fracture occurred in the distal 1/3 of the Femur

Anatomical Reference Points

Inversion / Eversion  Inversion – turning the sole of the foot inward One of the most common mechanisms for injury in sports One of the most common mechanisms for injury in sports Ligaments stronger on medial side Ligaments stronger on medial side  Eversion - turning the sole of the foot outward

Dorsiflexion / Plantarflexion  Only occurs at the ankle  Plantarflexion – pointing the toes/foot downward “plant” your foot “plant” your foot  Dorsiflexion – pulling the toes/foot upwards

Acute Injuries  Occur suddenly during activity  “Mack truck syndrome”  Sprains, Strains, Fracture, Contusions, etc.  Signs and symptoms can include: sudden, severe pain sudden, severe pain swelling swelling inability to place weight on a lower limb inability to place weight on a lower limb extreme tenderness in an upper limb extreme tenderness in an upper limb inability to move a joint through full range of motion inability to move a joint through full range of motion extreme limb weakness extreme limb weakness visible dislocation / break of a bone visible dislocation / break of a bone

Chronic Injuries Injuries that occur over time Injuries that occur over time Usually result from overusing one area of the body while playing a sport or exercising over a long period Usually result from overusing one area of the body while playing a sport or exercising over a long period “itis” – inflammation of “itis” – inflammation of Tendonitis, bursitis, arthritis, shin splints, stress fractures Tendonitis, bursitis, arthritis, shin splints, stress fractures Signs and symptoms may include Signs and symptoms may include pain when performing activitiespain when performing activities a dull ache when at resta dull ache when at rest swellingswelling

Congenital  Condition existing: At birth At birth Before birth Before birth Or in the 1 st month Or in the 1 st month  Can be caused by a number of factors: Genetic abnormalities, intrauterine environment, infection, etc. Genetic abnormalities, intrauterine environment, infection, etc.

Inferior / Superior  Inferior – Below or bottom The laceration is on the inferior part of the foot The laceration is on the inferior part of the foot The athlete was struck 3 inches inferior to the patella The athlete was struck 3 inches inferior to the patella  Superior – Above or top The athlete mad contact with the superior aspect of his helmet The athlete mad contact with the superior aspect of his helmet

Anterior  You may also use ventral  Front or in front of Something could be anterior to something else Something could be anterior to something else Could be an anterior view of something Could be an anterior view of something A view from the frontA view from the front

Posterior  Could also use dorsal Dorsal fin Dorsal fin  Back or behind something Something could be posterior to something else Something could be posterior to something else Could be a posterior view of something Could be a posterior view of something A view from the backA view from the back

Sprain  Stretch or tear of a ligament  Ligament connect bone to bone  Usually due to forced excessive movements

Strain  Stretch or tear of a muscle or tendon  Muscle – contractile fiber that produces movement  Tendon – connect bone to muscle  Usually occurs due to muscular imbalance or inflexibility  “pulled” muscle

Grading system for Sprains and Strains  Grade 1 – overstretch Microtears Microtears  Grade 2 – partial tear  Grade 3 – complete tear

Dislocation / Subluxation  Dislocation- bone comes out of the joint and stays out  Subluxation – bone comes out of the joint but the body reduced the joint itself “pops out but pops right back in” “pops out but pops right back in”

Closed Chain vs. Open Chain  Closed Chain Position – Feet are always in contact with the ground Bike, elliptical trainer, cross-country skiing Bike, elliptical trainer, cross-country skiing Compression forces = GOOD! Compression forces = GOOD!  Open Chain Position – feet come off of the ground Running / jogging Running / jogging Shearing forces = BAD! Shearing forces = BAD!

Joints  Synovial Joints: Most common “Moveable” “Moveable” Filled with Synovial Fluid Filled with Synovial Fluid

Gliding joint  Two flat surfaces that glide over one another Tarsals and carpals Tarsals and carpals

Hinge Joint  Allows movement in one plane only  Uniaxial  IP (Interphalangeal) joints, ulnohumeral joint (elbow)

Pivot Joint  Allow one movement (rotation, pronation, supination) Neck Neck  Radius rotates on ulna to allow pronation and supination radio-ulnar joint radio-ulnar joint

Condylar joint  Allows one primary movement with small amounts of movement in another plane  Knee joint, Tempromandibular joint

Ellipsoid Joint  Allows movement in two planes  Biaxial  Interphalangeal joints  A modified ball-and- socket joint in which the joint surfaces are elongated or ellipsoidal

Saddle Joint  Found in the thumb Carpometacarpal joint Carpometacarpal joint  Allows two plane of movement  Sternoclavicular Joint

The Ball and Socket Joint  Allows movement in three planes  Hip and shoulder