The Vision of Vehicle Infrastructure Integration (VII) Ralph L. Robinson ITS Integration Office September, 2007

Cooperative Highways MOBILITY  Signal Control  Traveler Information  Congestion Information SAFETY  Collision Avoidance  Emergency Alerts  Weather Conditions

The Driving Forces n 42,000 People Die Every Year on Our Roadways o Leading Cause of Death Between Ages 4 – 33 o 50% of the Deaths Occur from Intersection Collision and Roadway Departure n Traffic Crashes Cost the Economy $230 B/Yr n Traffic Congestion Costs Americans $78 B/Yr n Congestion Wastes Billions of Gallons of Fuel

Year Travel Delay (billions of hours) "Wasted Fuel “ (billions of gallons) Congestion Cost (billions of dollars) $ $ $ $78.2 Source: Texas Transportation Institute Cost of Congestion

We Can Not Build Out More Roads

Weekday Peak-Period Congestion Has Grown in Several Ways in Our Largest Cities Source: Analysis of data used in 2005 Urban Mobility Report, Texas Transportation Institute.

Cooperative Systems Can Help? n “Cars that refuse to have accidents …” o If every car knows its neighbors speed, location and direction, eminent threats of collision can be mitigated with warnings to drivers followed by intrusive control o Can you envision a road network with no traffic signals? n Over a hundred Use Cases have been identified: Safety Mobility Convenience n Two basic types of communication: Vehicle-to-Vehicle Vehicle-to-Infrastructure

Safety Applications n Approaching Emergency Vehicle Warning n Blind Spot Warning n Cooperative Forward Collision Warning n Emergency Electronic Brake Lights n Highway Merge Assistant n Highway/Rail Collision Warning n Lane Change Warning n Pre-crash Sensing n Vehicle-based Road Condition Warning n Vehicle-to-vehicle Road Feature Notification n Visibility Enhancer n Wrong Way Driver Warning n Curve Speed Warning n Emergency Vehicle Signal Preemption n Intersection Collision Warning n In-vehicle Amber Alert n Left Turn Assistant n Low Bridge Warning n Low Parking Structure Warning n Pedestrian Crossing Information at Intersection n Road Condition Warning n Stop Sign Movement Assistance n Stop Sign Violation Warning n Traffic Signal Violation Warning n Work Zone Warning

Mobility Applications n Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control n In-vehicle Signage n Weather Alert Notifications n Icy Bridges Warnings n ROW Planning n Pot Hole Detection (maintenance) n Signal Phasing (traffic flow optimization) n Incident Observation and Mitigation n Roadway Incidence Assistance n Traffic Advisories (routing, re- routing assistance) n Navigation Assistance n Fleet Management (logistics control) n Hazardous Material Path Enforcement n Cargo Tracking n Travel Information (available facilities, parking, special events, timing)

Consumer and Commercial Services n Parking Location Assistance n Parking Access (security / payment) n Food Drive-through Payment n Roadway Toll Payment n Download Data Files (MP3, games) n Software/Firmware Updates n Remote Diagnostics n Customer Relations Management n Dealer Service Scheduling n Personal Device Synchronization n Home Network Content Synchronization n Remote Control (home access, garage door, home lighting) n Secure Access (Enterprise access) n Just-in-time Repair Notification n Safety Recall Notification

Initial “Day One” Applications n Traffic Signal Violation Warning n Stop Sign Violation Warning n In-vehicle Signage (road advisory and local info) n Roadway Conditions (weather and potholes) n Traffic Management and Control n Alternate Route Guidance n Traffic Information (OEM) n Electronics Payments (tolls, gasoline and parking) Gotta start somewhere!

Vehicle Infrastructure Integration Traffic Management Systems Satellite- Vehicle Roadside communication Equipment (RSE) VII Network Operations Center Vehicle- to-Vehicle Vehicle- Cellular Traveler Information Systems Vehicle- Infrastructure GPS Cellular Communication System Mobility & Safety Application Server Cellular Service Providers Network Operations Center

VII Systems Enablers n Communications system n Probe data collection n Dynamic map database n Lane accuracy positioning system n On-board computers need: o Software provisioning o System diagnostics and maintenance o Configuration management o Security framework o Enhanced Human Machine Interfaces (displays, alarms)

VII Architecture Framework

Roadside UsersCenters Vehicle

DSRC Radio n FCC has allocated 75MHz at 5.9GHz o Safety Applications (1 st priority) Other applications acceptable o Licensed Spectrum stability with minimum Interference n Dedicated Short Range Communications (DSRC) o Based on variation of WiFi  IEEE p o Line of sight o 300 to 1000 feet range (power modulation possible) o Low Latency/fast connecting/priority attributes

Frequency (GHz) Uplink Downlink Ch 172 Ch 174 Ch 176 Ch 180 Ch 184 Ch 182 Ch 178 Public Safety/ Private Public Safety Intersections Control Channel Public Safety/ Private Public Safety/ Private Intersections Control Veh-Veh Dedicated Public Safety Short Rng Service Med Rng Service Shared Public Safety/Private Public Safety/ Private Public Safety Veh-Veh DSRC 10 MHz Channel Usage Plan 40 dBm 33 dBm 23 dBm Power Limit 44.8 dBm

Multiple Communications Technologies Traffic Management Systems Satellite- Vehicle Roadside communication Equipment (RSE) VII Network Operations Center Vehicle- to-Vehicle Vehicle- Cellular Traveler Information Systems Vehicle- Infrastructure GPS Cellular Communication System Mobility & Safety Application Server Cellular Service Providers Network Operations Center

The Partnership NHTSA FHWA AASHTO Policy leadership & advocacy at state level Technical participation & field tests USDOT National leadership Technical management Funding Automobile Manufacturers Private leadership & advocacy Technical participation & field tests

Active State DOTs

Structure of working relationships National Working Group is comprised of all member stakeholders VII National Working Group needs are Supported by senior management Executive Leadership Team Organizational Support as required VII Executive Leadership Team VII National Working Group (WG) Institutional Issues Business Case Outreach Architecture Test Bed

Institutional Issues n Privacy n Liability n Data Ownership

Protecting Privacy is Essential n Public entities have access to vehicle VII data n VII System design does not have access to driver or vehicle identification o Does not support law enforcement o Private services available on Opt-in basis only n Drafted Privacy Principles

Core Non-Technical Issues 1. Funding for Deployment 2. Deployment of roadside equipment 3. Operations Management 4. Governance Structure 5. Data Availability and Accessibility 6. Security Certificate Management 7. Other Issues

Long Deployment Delays Safety Vision n Full safety benefits come from all vehicles particpating n Non-participating vehicles, pedestrians and animals are non-visible to VII vehicles n Autonomous safety systems are needed to fill the gap

% Vehicle Population VII-Equipped Vehicle Population Projection New Cars Equipped from Factory Total Vehicles on Roadway Antique and Collector vehicles not converted Assumes: 250 million vehicles on road 16 million built each year

% Vehicle Population Aftermarket VII Devices May Accelerate Deployment New Cars Equipped from Factory Total Vehicles on Roadway Antique and Collector vehicles not converted Assumes: 250 million vehicles on road 16 million built each year Total Vehicles on Roadway Improved densities

ITS Relationships

2010 Timeline % VII Equipped Vehicles 100% VII Function vs Vehicle Density Assumes full coverage area Traffic Info Safety Warnings Roadway Situational Awareness Active Controls Crash Avoidance Automated Highways Traffic Management VII Equipped Population Crashes

Detroit Test Environment n Initial VII development project between OEMS and USDOT n VII Proof of Concept Confirmation o Testing concept hardware and software o Concept applications selected for system performance confirmation n Vehicle fleet tested at a facility located in Novi, MI. o Small fleet (25 vehicles) gathering probe data over 2 months o UMTRI provided 5 vehicles for full system performance and application testing and verification o Fleet to be equipped and operated by Roush Engineering under VIIC Contract

California Proof of Concept Test Bed n Innovative Mobility Showcase 2005 n Network of DSRC devices o 12 currently, 40 planned o Backhaul network T1 wireline, 3G cellular, WiMax n Bay area has 60 miles of freeways & arterials deployed n Testing applications o Signal information o Curve warning o Vehicle probes o In-vehicle signing

n Major demonstrations of ITS and vehicle-roadway communications systems n Permanent installations to stay in New York n 2008 demonstration intended to showcase VII for public and private sector decision makers ITS-A World Congress - Nov th World Congress on ITS and 2008 ITS America Annual Meeting

Thank You