© 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Davison and Neale: Abnormal Psychology, 8e Abnormal Psychology, Eighth Edition by Gerald C. Davison and John M. Neale Lecture notes created by Paul J. Wellman, Texas A&M University PowerPoint  Lecture Notes Presentation Chapter 12 Substance-Related Disorders Ch 12

© 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Davison and Neale: Abnormal Psychology, 8e Definitions of Substance- Related Disorders Substance dependence is characterized by –Tolerance to drug action occurs (greater doses, diminished drug action) –Withdrawal symptoms occur with drug cessation –Person recognizes excessive use of the drug –Much of the person’s time is spent getting the drug or recovering from its effects –Substance use continues despite physical or psychological problems caused by the drug Ch 12.1

© 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Davison and Neale: Abnormal Psychology, 8e Substance abuse is characterized by –Failure to fulfill major obligations (e.g. work or child care) –Exposure to physical dangers (e.g. driving while intoxicated) –Legal problems brought on by drug use –Persistent social or interpersonal problems (e.g. arguments with spouse) Definitions of Substance- Related Disorders Ch 12.2

© 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Davison and Neale: Abnormal Psychology, 8e Alcohol Abuse and Dependence Alcohol dependence can include tolerance and withdrawal reactions –Abrupt cessation can lead to anxiety, depression, weakness, and an inability to sleep –Delirium tremens (DTs) is a severe alcohol withdrawal reaction that includes hallucinations –Alcohol tolerance is common in alcoholism Alcohol abuse can be part of a polydrug abuse (80-85% of alcohol abusers smoke) Ch 12.3

© 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Davison and Neale: Abnormal Psychology, 8e Short-term Actions of Alcohol Alcohol is absorbed from the stomach into the blood –Alcohol is metabolized by the liver (1 oz/hr) Alcohol is a drug Alcohol acts within brain to –Stimulate GABA receptors (reduces tension) –Increases dopamine/serotonin levels (pleasurable aspects of intoxication) –Inhibits glutamate receptors (cognitive actions) Ch 12.4

© 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Davison and Neale: Abnormal Psychology, 8e Alcoholics reduce their food intake when consuming alcohol –Alcohol has no nutrient value –Alcohol impairs food digestion –Result is vitamin deficiency (B-complex) Can lead to brain damage and amnesia Alcohol kills brain cells, leading to loss of gray matter from the temporal lobes Alcohol suppresses the immune system Long-term Actions of Alcohol Ch 12.5

© 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Davison and Neale: Abnormal Psychology, 8e Nicotine and Tobacco Smoking Smoking tobacco results in absorption of nicotine into the blood –Nicotine reaches brain receptors that control dopamine release –Dopamine action of nicotine mediate its addictive properties Cigarette smoking is responsible for 1 of every 6 deaths in the US –Smoking is THE SINGLE MOST PREVENTABLE cause of early death Ch 12.6

© 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Davison and Neale: Abnormal Psychology, 8e Marijuana consists of the dried and crushed leaves of the hemp plant Cannabis sativa Smoking marijuana results in –Relaxation –Shifts in attention –Impaired memory Marijauna effects depend on dose and potency Marijuana Ch 12.7

© 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Davison and Neale: Abnormal Psychology, 8e Marijuana –Interferes with cognitive function including loss of short- term memory –Interferes with the operation of complex equipment (e.g. an automobile) –Contributes to psychological problems in adulthood –Elevates heart rate –Impairs lung structure and function –Can produce reverse tolerance Adverse Actions of Marijuana Ch 12.8

© 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Davison and Neale: Abnormal Psychology, 8e Marijuana –Reduces the nausea and loss of appetite associated with chemotherapy –Can reduce pain signaling (via THC) –Can be used to treat the discomfort of AIDS –Can reduce the pressure increases in the eye associated with glaucoma Therapeutic Actions of Marijuana Ch 12.9

© 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Davison and Neale: Abnormal Psychology, 8e Sedatives Sedatives slow the activities of the body and reduce its responsiveness –Opiates relieve pain and induce sleep Include opium, morphine, heroin Opiates are physiologically addictive –Barbiturates induce relaxation and sleep Act by stimulating GABA receptors Can result in tolerance and severe withdrawal reactions Ch 12.10

© 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Davison and Neale: Abnormal Psychology, 8e Stimulants Stimulants act on the brain to increase alertness and motor activity –Amphetamines release norepinephrine and dopamine in brain to produce alertness and to reduce appetite Tolerance quickly develops to amphetamine use –Ephedrine is a variant of amphetamine that induces alertness and reduces appetite (found in herbal weight loss preparations) –Cocaine blocks the reuptake of dopamine to produce alertness and produce euphoria Ch 12.11

© 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Davison and Neale: Abnormal Psychology, 8e Hallucinogenic drugs alter sensory perception and create sensory experiences Hallucinogenic drugs include –LSD, mescaline, ecstasy and phencyclidine General effects of LSD include –Synesthesia: blending of sensory information –Subjective time is altered (slowed) –Rapid shifts in mood –Effects depend on set and setting Hallucinogens Ch 12.12

© 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Davison and Neale: Abnormal Psychology, 8e Development of Substance Abuse Ch 12.13

© 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Davison and Neale: Abnormal Psychology, 8e Etiology of Substance Use Sociocultural variables include family, friends, media (television, billboards) Psychological variables include –Mood alteration (enhance positive, reduce negative moods) –Beliefs about prevalence and risks (harmful actions of drug) –Personality variables include High levels of negative affect Enduring desire for arousal, increased positive affect Ch 12.14

© 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Davison and Neale: Abnormal Psychology, 8e Therapy for Alcohol Abuse Admitting the problem is a prerequisite for therapy Hospital treatment is expensive and does not lead to better results than outpatient care Antabuse is a drug that creates nausea when alcohol is consumed Self-Help groups (Alcoholics Anonymous) Aversion therapy Controlled drinking training Ch 12.15

© 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Davison and Neale: Abnormal Psychology, 8e Therapy for Cigarette Smoking The long-term efficacy of psychological treatments for smoking are not good –Making smoking unpleasant –Scheduled smoking involves gradual reduction of number of cigarettes smoked and controls when smoking will happen –Advice from a physician Biological treatments for smoking involve substitution of nicotine for smoking –Use of a nicotine patch or gum Ch 12.16

© 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Davison and Neale: Abnormal Psychology, 8e Copyright Copyright 2000 by John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY. All rights reserved. No part of the material protected by this copyright may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission of the copyright owner.