Warm-Up  Jennifer is on the tennis team and is experiencing pain when she serves. She went to the doctor and was diagnosed with lateral epicondylitis after performing several tests.  Read about lateral epicondylitis on p. 73 in your textbook.  On a sheet of paper answer the following:  First, using terms that a doctor would understand, describe this location and condition to another healthcare provider.  Then, using terms that Jennifer would understand, describe this location and condition to Jennifer.

Word List My/o oblique Fasci/o –lysis Ten/o -plegia – Kinesi/o – rectus – Ton/o – tansverse – Sphincter – -cele – -trophy fibr/o

MUSCULAR SYSTEM, PART 2

Disorders of the Muscular System  Tendonitis (tendin/o + -itis)  Inflammation of the tendon caused by excessive or repetitive use of a joint.  Myalgia (my/o + -algia)  Muscle tenderness or pain  Myorrhexis (my/o + -rrhexis)  Rupture of the muscle

Disorders of the Muscular System  Dystaxia (dys- + tax/o + ia)  Difficulty controlling voluntary movement  Contracture  Abnormal shortening of the muscle tissue making the muscles resistant to stretching  Spasm (cramp)  Sudden, involuntary contraction of a muscle or a group of muscles

Disorders of the Muscular System  Bradykinesia (brady + kinesi/o + ia)  Extreme slowness in movement  Myasthenia Gravis  Chronic autoimmune disease where there is difficulty in the neuromuscular function causing episodes of extreme muscle weakness. Frequently affects the muscles that control eye movements, eyelids, chewing, swallowing, coughing and facial expression.  What kind of problems could the patient have??

Disorders of the Muscular System  Muscular Dystrophy (dys + trophy)  Group of disorders that cause muscle weakness without affecting the nervous system.  Duchenne’s Muscular Dystrophy  Form of muscular dystrophy that appears from 2-6 yrs of age and progresses slowly. Survival beyond late twenties is rare.

Disorders of the Muscular System  Fibromyalgia (fibr/o + my/o + -algia)  Chronic disorder of unknown cause. Causes widespread aching pain, tender points, and fatigue. This syndrome does not cause joint deformity, is not a progressive illness, and is not crippling.  Tender points  Abnormal areas of soreness. Usually in predictable locations at the base of the neck, along the spine, in front of the hip and elbow and behind the knee and shoulder.

Disorders of the Muscular System  Rotator Cuff tendinitis  Inflammation of the tendons of the rotator cuff. The condition is often named for the cause (tennis shoulder, pitcher’s shoulder). See figure 4.12, p. 72  Carpal Tunnel Syndrome  Occurs when the tendons passing through the carpal tunnel are chronically overused and become inflamed and swollen. Swelling creates pressure on the nerve as it passes through the tunnel, causing pain, burning, and tingling in the fingers and hand. See figure 4.13, p. 73

Disorders of the Muscular System  Sprain  Injury to a joint (ex. - ankle, knee, wrist). Frequently involves a stretched or torn ligament.  Ligaments attach bone to bone.  Strain  Injury to the body of a muscle or the attachment of a tendon. Usually associated with overuse injuries.  Tendons attach muscle to bone.  Shin Splint  Pain caused by muscle tearing away from the tibia. Usually caused by repeated stress to the lower leg.

Disorders of the Muscular System  Paralysis  Loss of sensation and voluntary muscle movement due to disease or injury.  Damage can be temporary or permanent.  Paraplegia  Paralysis of both legs and the lower part of the body. Spinal cord injury is below cervical vertebra

Disorders of the Muscular System  Quadriplegia (quadr/i + -plegia)  Paralysis of all four extremities. Spinal cord injury involves the cervical vertebra. Above C5, respiration is affected.  Hemiplegia (hemi + -plegia)  Total paralysis on one side of the body. Usually associated with stroke or brain injury.  Damage to one side of brain causes paralysis on the opposite side of the body.

Diagnostic Procedures  Electromyography (electro- + my/o + graphy)  Records the strength of the muscle contractions as a result of electrical stimulation  Deep Tendon Reflexes  Reflexes are tested with a reflex hammer to strike the tendon.  No response or an abnormal response may indicate a disruption of the nerve supply to the involved muscles.

Treatments / Procedures  Medications  Anti-inflammatory medications (Advil, Motrin) are commonly used to relieve pain and reduce inflammation muscular problems.  Physical Therapy  May be used to restore function through the use of exercise, heat, massage, etc… to improve circulation, flexibility and muscle strength.

Career Opportunities  Physical Therapist  Provide treatments to improve mobility and prevent or limit permanent disability; can subspecialize in sports medicine, pediatrics, geriatrics, etc…  Massage Therapist  Therapeutic touch to provide pain relief and encourage healing.

Career Opportunities  Occupational Therapist  Treats people with mental, physical, developmental and emotional disabilities helping them to develop or maintain daily living skills.  Athletic Trainer  Work to prevent and treat athletic injuries and provide rehabilitative services by massage, corrective exercises, diet supervision, and equipment fittings.

Class Activity  Using your textbook (p ), draw a line to the muscle on the diagram and then properly label the following muscles:  1) Sternocleidomastoid  2) Pectoralis major  3) External oblique  4) Rectus abdominis  5) Flexor carpi  6) Vastus lateralis  7) Rectus femoris 8) Occipitalis 9) Trapezius 10) Extensors 11) Gluteus medius 12) Achilles tendon 13) Triceps brachii 14) Soleus