A History of World Societies Ninth Edition CHAPTER 11 The Americas, 2500 B. C. E.–1500 C. E. Copyright © 2011 by Bedford/St. Martin’s John P. McKay ● Bennett D. Hill ● John Buckler Patricia Buckley Ebrey ● Roger B. Beck Clare Haru Crowston ● Merry E. Wiesner-Hanks

I. The First Peoples of the Americas A.Describing the Americas and Their Peoples 1. Amerigo Vespucci 2. The word Indian

I. The First Peoples of the Americas B.Settling the Americas 1. The Bering Strait 2. Gathering and hunting societies

I. The First Peoples of the Americas C.The Development of Agriculture 1. Maize 2. Early agricultural techniques 3. Livestock domestication

II. Early Societies A.Mounds, Towns, and Trade in North and South America 1. Ohio and Mississippi River Valleys 2. Norte Chico B.Olmec Agriculture, Technology, and Religion 1. Agriculture and trade 2. Egalitarian societies 3. Religious structures

III. Classical Era Mesoamerica and North America, 300–900 C. E. A.Maya Agriculture and Trade 1. Staple crops 2. Raised fields 3. Transportation for trade

III. Classical Era Mesoamerica and North America, 300–900 C. E. B.Maya Science and Religion 1. Popul Vuh 2. Religious rituals 3. Mathematics 4. Astronomy and calendric development

III. Classical Era Mesoamerica and North America, 300–900 C. E. C.Growth and Assimilation of the Teotihuacán and Toltec Cultures 1. Zapotecan-speaking peoples 2. Urban centers 3. Toltec confederation

III. Classical Era Mesoamerica and North America, 300–900 C. E. D.Hohokam, Hopewell, and Mississippian Societies 1. Hohokam earthworks 2. Hopewell earthworks 3. Cahokia

IV. The Aztecs A.Religion and War in Aztec Society 1. Quetzalcoatl 2. Huitzilopochtli 3. Sacrifice

IV. The Aztecs B.Social Distinctions Among Aztecs 1. Warrior aristocracy 2. Ordinary citizens 3. Landless workers 4. Slaves

IV. The Aztecs C.The City of Tenochtitlán 1. Population 2. City layout 3. Markets 4. The temple

V. The Incas A.Earlier Peruvian Cultures 1. Moche civilization 2. Warfare B.Inca Imperialism and Its Religious Basis 1. Royal mummies 2. Culture of warfare 3. Imperial unification 4. Domestic infrastructure

V. The Incas C.The Clan-Based Structure of Inca Society 1. Land grants 2. Tribute 3. Domestic laws 4. Exploited labor