Conic Sections Digital Lesson

Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Company, Inc. All rights reserved. 2 Conic Sections Conic sections are plane figures formed by the intersection of a double-napped cone and a plane. The conic sections may be defined as sets of points in the plane that satisfy certain geometrical properties. ParabolaEllipseHyperbola

Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Company, Inc. All rights reserved. 3 Definition of Parabola A parabola is the set of all points in the plane equidistant from a fixed line and a fixed point not on the line. The axis is the line passing through the focus and perpendicular to the directrix. The vertex is the midpoint of the line segment along the axis joining the directrix to the focus. parabola axis vertex focus directrix The fixed line is the directrix. The fixed point is the focus.

Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Company, Inc. All rights reserved. 4 Parabola with Vertical Axis Note: p is the directed distance from the vertex to the focus. x y y = –p (0, 0) (0, p) p x 2 = 4py The standard form for the equation of a parabola with vertex at the origin and a vertical axis is: x 2 = 4py where p  0 focus: (0, p)vertical axis: x = 0directrix: y = –p,

Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Company, Inc. All rights reserved. 5 Parabola with Horizontal Axis The standard form for the equation of a parabola with vertex at the origin and a horizontal axis is: Note: p is the directed distance from the vertex to the focus. x y p (p, 0) x = –p (0, 0) horizontal axis: y = 0,directrix: x = –p y 2 = 4px where p  0 focus: ( p, 0) y 2 = 4px

Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Company, Inc. All rights reserved. 6 Example: Graph Parabola Example: Find the directrix, focus, and vertex, and sketch the parabola with equation. Rewrite the equation in standard form x 2 = 4py. x 2 = – 8y  x 2 = 4(–2)y  p = –2 vertex: (0, 0) vertical axis: x = 0 directrix: y = – p  y = 2 focus: = (0, p)  (0, –2) x y y = 2 x = 0 (0, –2) (0, 0)

Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Company, Inc. All rights reserved. 7 x y Example: Write the Equation of a Parabola Example: Write the standard form of the equation of the parabola with focus (1, 0) and directrix x = –1. Use the standard from for the equation of a parabola with a horizontal axis: y 2 = 4px. p = 1  y 2 = 4(1)x. The equation is y 2 = 4x. p = 1 x = -1 (1, 0) (0, 0) vertex

Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Company, Inc. All rights reserved. 8 Definition of Ellipse An ellipse is the set of all points in the plane for which the sum of the distances to two fixed points (called foci) is a positive constant. The major axis is the line segment passing through the foci with endpoints (called vertices) on the ellipse. The minor axis is the line segment perpendicular to the major axis passing through the center of the ellipse with endpoints on the ellipse. major axis minor axis center vertex The midpoint of the major axis is the center of the ellipse. Ellipse d 1 + d 2 = constant d1d1 d2d2 focus

Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Company, Inc. All rights reserved. 9 The standard form for the equation of an ellipse with center at the origin and a major axis that is horizontal is:, with: Ellipse with Major Axis Horizontal. a c x y b a (0, 0) (–c, 0) (c, 0) (0, – b) (a, 0) (0, b) (– a, 0) vertices: (–a, 0), (a, 0) andfoci: (–c, 0), (c, 0)where c 2 = a 2 – b 2

Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Company, Inc. All rights reserved. 10 x y b (0, 0) b a The standard form for the equation of an ellipse with center at the origin and a major axis that is vertical is:, with: c a (0, -c) (0, c) Ellipse with Major Axis Vertical. vertices: (0, –a), (0, a) and foci: (0, –c), (0, c) where c 2 = a 2 – b 2 (0, – a) (b, 0) (– b, 0) (0, a)

Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Company, Inc. All rights reserved Example: Ellipse Example: Sketch the ellipse with equation 25x y 2 = 400 and find the vertices and foci. 1. Put the equation into standard form. divide by Since the denominator of the y 2 -term is larger, the major axis is vertical. 3. Vertices: (0, –5), (0, 5) 4. The minor axis is horizontal and intersects the ellipse at (–4, 0) and (4, 0). 5. Foci: c 2 = a 2 – b 2  (5) 2 – (4) 2 = 9  c = 3 foci: (0, –3), (0,3) x y (4, 0) (–4, 0) (0, –3) (0, 3) (0, 5) (0, –5) So, a = 5 and b = 4.

Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Company, Inc. All rights reserved. 12 Hyperbola A hyperbola is the set of all points in the plane for which the difference from two fixed points (the foci) is a positive constant. The graph of the hyperbola has two branches. The line segment joining the vertices is the transverse axis. Its midpoint is the center of the hyperbola. transverse axis d 2 – d 1 = constant vertex center d1d1 d2d2 focus hyperbola The line through the foci intersects the hyperbola at two points called vertices.

Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Company, Inc. All rights reserved. 13 x y The standard form for the equation of a hyperbola with a horizontal transverse axis is: with: Hyperbola with Horizontal Transverse Axis (c, 0) (–c, 0) focus (0, b) (0, –b) asymptote vertices: (– a, 0), (a, 0) andfoci: (– c, 0), (c, 0)where b 2 = c 2 – a 2 vertex (a, 0) vertex (– a, 0) A hyperbola with a horizontal transverse axis has asymptotes with equations and. asymptote

Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Company, Inc. All rights reserved. 14 x y The standard form for the equation of a hyperbola with a vertical transverse axis is: with: Hyperbola with Vertical Transverse Axis (b, 0) (–b, 0) asymptote vertices: (0, – a), (0, a) andfoci: (0, – c), (0, c)where b 2 = c 2 – a 2 A hyperbola with a vertical transverse axis has asymptotes with equations and. vertex (0, – a) vertex (0, a) focus (0, -c) focus (0, c)

Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Company, Inc. All rights reserved. 15 Example: Hyperbola Example: Sketch the hyperbola with equation x 2 – 9y 2 = 9 and find the vertices, foci, and asymptotes. 1. To write the equation in standard form, divide by Because the x 2 -term is positive, the transverse axis is horizontal. 3. Vertices: (0, –3), (0, 3) 4. Asymptotes: 5. foci: x y (0, 1) (0, -1) (3, 0) (-3, 0) a = 3 and b = 1