Warm Up  Prepositions! First, let’s review… What is a preposition?  Prepositions! First, let’s review… What is a preposition? Grammaropolis can help us. Okay, so to review again, here’s a song. Pay attention! Video: A Merit Badge is Just Like a Cat GrammaropolisA Merit Badge is Just Like a Cat   Write a sentence about a slug or a bat using a preposition.

Before the bell… Make sure you have your writer’s notebook and something to write with. You will be given a grade for warm up, notes/ writer’s notebook entries for today.

Ethos, Pathos, and Logos English II

What is rhetoric? rhet·o·ric / ˈ r ɛ t ə r ɪ k/–noun 1. (in writing or speech) the undue use of exaggeration or display; bombast. 2. the art or science of all specialized literary uses of language in prose or verse, including the figures of speech. 3. the study of the effective use of language. 4. the ability to use language effectively. 5. the art of prose in general as opposed to verse. 6. the art of making persuasive speeches; oratory. 7. (in classical oratory) the art of influencing the thought and conduct of an audience. Origin: 1300–50; < L rhētorica < Gk rhētorik ḕ ( téchnē ) rhetorical (art); r. ME rethorik < ML rēthorica, L rhētorica, as above Source: The Random House Dictionary, 2010

Why are we studying rhetoric?  To help us analyze the persuasive techniques used by the characters in Julius Caesar.  To help us notice the persuasive techniques being directed at us as we read, hear and view text and other media every day, in and outside of school.  To help us craft our own persuasive writing and speech.

What is a rhetorical strategy?  A way of using language that is designed to influence an audience’s thoughts about an issue  We will study three major rhetorical strategies: –logos –pathos –ethos

What is Logos? ***This is the most important rhetorical strategy.*** Logos - Appealing to the audience’s sense of logic or intelligence.

When identifying Logos, look for: 1. The Author’s Central Claim (Thesis) 2. Supporting Reasons -General statements that prove the central Claim. 3. Supporting Evidence -statistics-facts/data-graphs-examples

More to look for… 4. Counterarguments -Anticipate opposing views, and refute (deny) the validity of the argument. 5. Persuasive Situation -Intended audience and topic (Triangle) -Occasion: what is the time and place? -Purpose

What is the EFFECT on the Audience? Logos evokes a rational response. Readers think, “Oh, that makes sense” or “Hmm, that doesn’t really prove anything”.

APPLICATION TIME!!! Scenario: It is the day your persuasive essay is due. You do not have it in hand to turn in on time. You respond with… (USE LOGOS IN YOUR RESPONSE)

Pathos Pathos-Appealing to the Audience’s sense of emotion using descriptive language.

When identifying PATHOS, look for: -imagery/figurative language -connotations with word choice and phrases -personal anecdotes (stories) -emotionally loaded language (vivid descriptions) -imagery -diction (word choice) -emotional tone: (humor, sarcasm, disappointment, excitement, etc.)

***BEWARE OF…*** Propaganda-an argument that appeals ONLY to the emotions is by definition WEAK. Although sometimes pathos alone can be powerfully persuasive, propaganda is generally considered to be an empty tactic, as it manipulates, rather than appeals to, the audience’s emotions.

What is the EFFECT on the audience? Pathos evokes an emotional response, persuading using the Audience’s emotion, and usually conjures emotions such as fear, sympathy, empathy, or anger.

APPLICATION TIME!!! Scenario: It is the day your persuasive essay is due. You do not have it in hand to turn in on time. You respond with… (USE PATHOS IN YOUR RESPONSE)

Ethos Ethos-Belongs to the Speaker; appeals to the Speaker’s credibility and character by showing his/her expertise, knowledge, experience, training, etc.

When identifying ETHOS, look for: -Speaker’s profession/background- valid qualifications -Appropriate vocabulary, correct grammar -Evidence of shared values between Speaker and Audience -Speaker is morally/ethically likeable -Appropriate tone of the text/making a good impression) -Thoroughness of information

What is the EFFECT on the audience? Ethos helps the reader to see the audience as reliable, trustworthy, competent, and credible; therefore, the reader might respect the author’s views.

And now… Julius Caesar And now… Julius Caesar

The Tragedy of Julius Caesar William Shakespeare

Julius Caesar: Introduction The setting of this play is ancient Rome. Shakespeare creates a world full of political intrigue, magical occurrences, and military conquest.

Julius Caesar: Introduction Caesar was fighting Pompey, another powerful Roman, and his sons. Pompey, as well as others in the Roman senate, was disturbed by Caesar’s growing ambition.

Julius Caesar: Introduction Their fears seem to be valid when Caesar refuses to enter Rome as an ordinary citizen after the war. Instead, he marches his army on Rome and takes over the government.

Julius Caesar: Introduction But the people don’t mind—in fact, they love him. Caesar is made dictator, or ruler—a position that was sometimes granted for a ten-year term— for the rest of his life.

Julius Caesar: Introduction Many senators, however, resent Caesar for having so much power.

Julius Caesar: Introduction Some senators begin to conspire... Brutus, Caesar’s friend who believes that he must act against Caesar for the good of Rome Casca, who hates the ordinary citizens of Rome yet is jealous because they love Caesar and not him Cassius, a greedy and jealous man who wants to take drastic measures to keep Caesar from winning any more power—and to take away any power that Caesar previously had!

Julius Caesar : Background Shakespeare uses Roman customs and superstition to create spooky conditions to mirror the dangerous plot being planned.

Julius Caesar : Background The Romans believed that omens could reveal the future. These omens could take the form of unusual weather, flights of birds, or other natural phenomena.

Julius Caesar: Background Animals were seen as indicators of the future. The Romans often sacrificed animals to the gods, and had their entrails (guts) examined by an official called a haruspex. Any abnormalities or imperfections indicated the anger of a god or a particularly bad event about to happen.

Julius Caesar: Background Unusual astronomical and meteorological occurrences were also seen as signs of future events. Solar eclipses were believed to foreshadow doom, as was lightning.

Julius Caesar: Background One of the reasons the Senate was concerned by Caesar’s accumulation of power was Rome’s long history as a republic.

The Royal Shakespeare Production of Caesar  We will read a version of the play that has the modern text alongside the old English version of the text. It’s important to be familiar with Shakespearean English, but it’s also important to understand the play. So, we will do both.  Then, we will watch the Royal Shakespeare’s production of the play. It’s a recent adaptation set in present day Africa.

Interview with the director

Some things you need this six weeks! (All for download under “Important Documents” on my website)  The “No Fear” Shakespeare version of Julius Caesar- we may have some scenes for homework if we do not stay on track in class. Also, it will be helpful for assignments.  The Unit Test Study guide. It’s already up there with the essay question and the short answers for each act.  The final in class essay prompt. It deals with betrayal. How exciting!  Dialectical Journal Handout. You need one for each act.