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Textual Sound Bites Famous Figures Defining Rhetoric 10 Point 20 Points 30 Points 40 Points 50 Points 10 Point 20 Points 30 Points 40 Points 50 Points 30 Points 40 Points 50 Points Humanist or Scholastic? Key Terms

The art of Biblical interpretation (particularly allegorical interpretation)

What is hermeneutics? (see Augustine)

Ars Dictaminis; an art in which the sender should establish goodwill (ethos) by evidencing humility

What is letter writing? (Smith, 163)

This new “school” of thought retrieved the incorporeal notions set out by Plato; first used to wed Christian theology with Platonic philosophy

What is neoplatonism? (Smith 138, 143)

Machiavelli’s idea of “associations” is one of three ways of establishing what?

What is ethos? (Smith 181)

Blair’s idea of “contagion” connects this to a mastery of style

What is pathos? (Smith 228)

“No doubt all that man is given to know is, like man himself, limited and imperfect.”

Who is Vico? (On the Study Methods of Our Time 865)

“For teaching, of course, true eloquence consists, not in making people like what they disliked, nor in making them do what they shrank from, but in making clear what was obscure; yet if this be done without grace of style, the benefit does not extend beyond the few eager students who are anxious to know whatever is to be learnt, however rude and unpolished the form in which it is put; and who, when they have succeeded in their object, find the plain truth pleasant food enough.”

Who is Augustine? (On Christian Doctrine, Book IV Paragraph 26)

“The invention of speech or argument is not properly an invention...the use of this invention is no other but out of the knowledge whereof our mind is already possessed, to draw forth or call before us that which may be pertinent to the purpose which we take into our consideration...it is no invention, but a remembrance or suggestion...”

Who is Sir Francis Bacon? (The Advancement of Learning 740)

“Quintilian should turn the whole thing around and should more correctly conclude that since dialectic is not a moral virtue which can shape a good man, so neither is rhetoric.”

Who is Ramus? (Arguments in Rhetoric Against Quintilian 685)

“I think, therefore, I am”

Who is Rene Descartes? (Smith, )

Believed that logic, mainly strict syllogistic demonstration, could provide knowledge; tended to be neoplatonic thus often placed rhetoric beneath logic

Who are the scholastics? (Smith 153)

Retrieved the scholars of antiquity to reinforce the current art forms they hoped to advance; language is ever evolving

Who are the humanists? (Smith 153, 178)

Giambattista Vico: “...human events are dominated by Chance and Choice...as a consequence, those whose only concern is abstract truth experience great difficulty in achieving their means, and a greater difficulty in attaining their ends” (871).

What is a humanist?

Peter Ramus: “Listen to me with willing and impartial minds to the extend that unwavering reason will convince, to the extent that certain conclusions will establish, finally to the extent that truth itself—which cannot be refuted or disproved— will hold firm” (683)

What is a scholastic?

“Majoragius and Nizzolius returned to the doctrines of the Sophists to argue that all philosophy is subsumed by rhetoric. Nizzolius went so far as to argue that logic made the false appear true…”

What is a humanist? (Smith 178)

This “new scientist” described the five functions of the mind that became the basis for “faculty psychology”

Who is Sir Francis Bacon?

Augustine borrowed the notion of three kinds of style from this rhetorician and converted them to three levels of style to be used to adapt a message to various audiences

Who is Cicero? (Smith 148)

This actor, central to the elocutionary movement, argued that delivery is the most important canon of rhetoric

Who is Thomas Sheridan? (Smith 229)

Born a slave, this famous African-American orator became an itinerant prophet who denounced slavery and the oppression of women, though never learning to read or write

Who is Sojourner Truth? (19 th Century Introduction 989)

This German philosopher argued that all language is rhetorical and that the search for knowledge beyond language is a delusion

Who is Friedrich Nietzsche? (19 th Century Introduction 997)

“The duty and office of Rhetoric is to apply Reason to Imagination for the better moving of the will.”

Who is Sir Francis Bacon? (The Advancement of Learning 743)

“An orator ought to speak in such a way to instruct, to please, and to persuade…It is necessary, therefore…that [he] should not only teach in order to instruct, and please in order to hold [attention], but also move in order to win.”

Who is Augustine? (Smith 148)

“The answer is that eloquence does not address itself to the rational part of our nature, but almost entirely to our passions...the role of eloquence is to persuade; an orator is persuasive when he calls forth in his hearers the mood which he desires”

Who is Vico? (Study Methods 873)

“There are two universal, general gifts bestowed by nature upon man, Reason and Speech: dialectic is the theory of the former, grammar and rhetoric of the latter. Dialectic therefore should draw on the general strengths of human reason in the consideration and the arrangement of the subject matter...rhetoric should demonstrate the embellishment of speech first in tropes and figures, second in dignified delivery.”

Who is Ramus? (Arguments 684)

In Elements of Rhetoric, this Anglican clergyman argues that argument can “provide a defense for religion against the skepticism fired by science and rationalism; he returns to classical invention as a well to generate arguments about revealed truth” and “emphasizes the need to consider the audience, namely, the generally uneducated congregation.”

Who is Richard Whately? (19 th Century Introduction 984)

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Sir Francis Bacon’s desire to purify the English language was carried on by this British scientific society that called for a simpler style among scientific writers in order to “allow the truth to shine through.”

What is The Royal Society of London? (Smith 214)

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