Chapter Two Models of Abnormal Behavior OR “Welcome [back] to PSY 101!”

We use a model (theory) to describe, understand, predict and control behavior. Some people stick to one model (purists) Some people choose from among all the models (eclectics) Sue, Sue, & Sue use a “multi-path” model  so they’re eclectics….

Multi-path/eclectic models acknowledge… … that no one single theory is best all of the time. …that there may be factors from more than one theory to explain a behavior. …that all theories should at least be considered all of the time. …some theories MAY be more relevant than others at times. …theories may interact with each other.

Multi-path Model (Dimensions) Biological Genetics, Brain, Biochemical, CNS, ANS Psychological Personality, Cognition, Emotions, Learning, Stress, Self-esteem, Development. Social Family, Relationships, Social Support, Belonging, Love, Marital Status, etc. Sociocultural Race, Gender, Sexual Or., SES, Religion, Ethnicity, Culture Cognitive Behaviorism Early childhood experiences Humanism Interaction Depression?

The Brain Hindbrain Serotonin Limbic System Hippocampus Amygdala: Pleasure, fear, aggression, arousal, Sleep, alertness, pain, vision, hearing. Serotonin, Norepinephrine, dopamine.

Neuron Dendrites receive messages Axons send messages To next neuron 100 billion neurons in the brain Myelin: Fatty layer of tissue that coats axons Synapse

Genetic Explanations Genetically transmitted mental illness: –Depression –Alcoholism, –Schizophrenia – 35-91% –PharmacogenomicsPharmacogenomics

Biology-based Treatments Psychopharmacology: aka drug therapy (drugs that affect mind and behavior) Four classes: »Antianxiety »Antipsychotic »Antidpressant »Antimanic (handout)

Electoconvulsive Therapy Declined in ‘70s – recent upswing… Used in endogenous depression. Mayo Clinic

Psychosurgery Rosemary Kennedy

Psychological Factors (More PSY 101) Sigmund Freud Personality: Id – Pleasure principle Ego – Reality principle Supergo - Conscience Psychosexual Stages: Oral Anal Phallic Latency Genital Develops during…

Psychological Factors Psychodynamic treatments: Free association Dream analysis Analysis of resistance Transference Criticism: No empirical data, anti-female, works best on well-educated, upper SES patients.

Psychological Factors Behaviorism: Classical Conditioning: Ivan Pavlov, John Watson. Behavior is elicited. Operant Conditioning: Edward Thorndike, B. F. Skinner. Behavior is emitted then strengthened or weakened through: –Positive reinforcement –Negative reinforcement –Punishment

Psychological Factors Observational Learning Albert Bandura

Psychological Factors Cognitive Models Thinking and events affect behavior. Therapists need to change our schemata (schemas) Conclusion: It’s all in the attitude! …or…so says Charles Swindoll (handout) Or it’s the power of POSITIVE thinking says Wil Smith!Wil Smith

Psychological Factors Humanistic/Existential Some assumptions: 1.Subjective experience is more important than objective experience (“Daddy, I’m scared!) 2.People can make their own choices and be responsible for those choices. 3.Need to look at whole person – not one behavior, not toilet training, not just SES… 4.People have the ability to be whatever they want. (touches of cognitive psychology here…)…)

Psychological Factors, Humanistic Abraham Maslow

Psychological Factors, Humanistic Carl Rogers Client-centered therapy. Unconditional Positive Regard. Non-directive therapy.

Psychological Factors, Humanistic Existential ADDRESSES: irrational beliefs human suffering “intrusion of technology” into society moral, philosophical, and ethical behaviors of self and others. “Fuzzy” “Not Scientific” Doesn’t work with severe mental disorders

Social Factors Dimension Addresses how others affect our behavior: Family systems: Everyone in a family affects every other family member. Personality is developed by how parents treat children. Abnormal behavior is a symptom of a “dysfunctional” family Therapies: Family therapy focuses on the entire famly and addresses: communication power struggles Couple therapy: needs expectations Group therapy: Everyone has something in common….

Sociocultural Factors Gender: More stress on females than males SES: health, depression, stressors, wages, unemployment, food/shelter, hopeless, helpless, dependence, inferiority RACE: –Inferiority model –Inferiority model –Are Asians smartest?Are Asians smartest? Multicultural model says some cultures are not bad just DIFFERENT in values, customs, etc. Need to understand behavior