IPED HOUSING TAX CREDITS 101 Boston, Massachusetts June 7-8, 2007 Molly R. Bryson Thomas A. Giblin

2 Background Part of 1986 Tax Reform to Encourage the Construction and Rehabilitation of Low-Income Rental Housing Tax Incentives Replace Direct Funding Guarantee Programs Administered by the Treasury Department and Allocated by State Agencies Contained in Section 42 of the Tax Code (Including Any Penalties for Noncompliance) Objective: To Provide Investor Equity to Lower Debt Service, Thereby Lowering Rents Emphasis on Private Sector Involvement (i.e. Developing and Managing Projects) Credit is a Dollar-for-Dollar Tax Reduction Credit Amount Based on the Cost of Constructing or Rehabilitating Housing Developments

3 Program Requirements Minimum Percentage of LIHTC Units (20/50 or 40/60) Minimum 30-Year Affordability Commitment Maximum Rents Limited for LIHTC Units Maximum Income Limited for Households Renting LIHTC Units Projects Subject to IRS and State Regulation/Compliance

4 Credits Are Limited In 2000, Congress Raised Cap from $1.25 to $1.50 in 2001, $1.75 in 2002, and Thereafter Adjusted for Inflation $1.95 Per Person for 2007 $2,275,000 State Minimum in 2007 State Allocation Volume Limit

5 Volume Limit Rules Example: – State With Three Million Population Has $5,850,000 in Credits in 2007 Allocated Amount is for One Year of Credit 10% Nonprofit Set-Aside 50% Test: Private Activity Tax-Exempt Bonds Subject to Bond Volume Cap; No Credit Allocation Needed

6 Qualified Allocation Plans State Must Adopt QAP to Allocate Credits QAP Must Set Forth Allocation Priorities QAP Must Give Preference To: – Lowest Incomes – Longest Period of Low-Income Use – QCT Projects Contributing to a Concerted Revitalization Plan QAP Must Provide Procedure for Notifying IRS of Non- Compliance Bond Financed Projects Must Satisfy QAP

7 Project Evaluation Credit May Not Exceed Amount State Agency Determines Is Necessary for Feasibility and Viability Agency Must Consider: – Sources and Uses – Amounts Expected to Be Generated by Tax Benefits – Reasonableness of Development and Operating Costs

8 Project Evaluation (Contd) Evaluation Occurs at Application, Allocation and Completion Owner Must Certify as to Amount of Subsidies For Tax-Exempt Bond Financed Projects, Issuer Must Do Similar Evaluation Agency Must Require Market Study Paid by Developer

9 Industry Participants Congress IRS/Department of Treasury State Tax Credit Agencies Developers/Owners Property Managers Syndicators/Investors Nonprofits State/Local Governments HUD Tenants Tax Professionals GSEs

10 Who Can Use Credits? C Corporations Can Use Losses and Credits Against Ordinary Income and Taxes Limitations on Closely-Held Corporations Individuals Limited Under Passive Loss Rules to Approximately $9,900/Year at the 39.6% Rate Cannot Use Credits Against AMT

11 Structure Investor LP $$$ Syndicator GP Investment Partnership LP Local GP Developer Operating Partnership

12 Key Business Terms Projects Generally Owned by Limited Partnership or Limited Liability Company Limited Partner Generally Owns 99.99% of Tax Credits, Losses and Profits Limited Partner Pays in Capital Contributions in Multiple Installments (Generally 3 or 4), Based on Negotiated Benchmarks General Partner Guarantees Completion, Amount of Credits and Funding of Deficits

13 Tax Credit Development Timeline March 2007Read State QAP. Analyze Prior Winners, Meet With Staff. April 2007Pick Site, Plan Type of Project. May 2007Develop Cash Pro Formas and Construction Budget. Investigate Loan Availability and Interest Rates. Request Market Study. September 2007Option Land (With Conditions Regarding Zoning, Approvals). September 2007Apply for Soft Loans/Grants, if Necessary. December 2007Receive Soft Loan Commitment.

14 Tax Credit Development Timeline (Contd) March 2008Apply for Tax Credits. May 2008Receive Reservation of Tax Credits. May 2008Work on Site Plan and Zoning Approvals. Submit Applications for Construction and Permanent Loans. July 2008 Obtain Site Plan and Zoning Approvals. July 2008Purchase Land. Select Equity Investor and Execute Letter of Intent. Execute Commitment Letter for Debt/Equity. November 2008Submit Cost Certification of 10% of Reasonably Expected Basis for Carryover Allocation (State Deadlines Vary). December 2008Obtain Carryover Allocation.

15 Tax Credit Development Timeline (Contd) January 2009Close on Equity Investment and Construction Loan. Begin Construction. November 2009Finish Construction. Begin Leasing. January 2010 Start First Year of Credit Period. Continue Leasing. Submit Cost Certification for Forms April 2010Achieve Full Lease-up and Beginning of Break-Even Period. Obtain Forms September 2010Close Permanent Loan and Achieve Final Equity Contribution. December 31, 2010Place All Buildings in Service.

16 Calculating Credits/Defining Terms Annual Credit Amount = Applicable Percentage Times Qualified Basis Annual Credit Amount Available for 10 Years

17 Applicable Percentage Two Credits: – 70 Percent Present Value Credit (the 9% Credit) – 30 Percent Present Value Credit (the 4% Credit) Credit Rates – 8.11% (9% Credit) and 3.48% (4% Credit) – June 2007 – Lowest Rates in July 2003 – 7.78% and 3.33%

18 Applicable Percentage (Contd) Owners Election to Set Applicable Percentage Either (i) When Receiving a Binding Commitment From the State to Allocate Credits (or When Tax-Exempt Bonds Issued) (a Lock-in Election), or (ii) When Building Placed in Service

19 4% New Construction/Substantial Rehabilitation Credit Federally Subsidized New Construction or Rehabilitation Expenditures – Building Receives Tax-Exempt Bonds or Below Market Federal Loan Below Market Federal Loan – From Federally Appropriated Funds – Interest Rate Below AFR (Approximately 4.91% in June 2007 for Long-Term Loans Compounded Annually)

20 Exceptions From Federally Subsidized Definition HOME Loan if 40% at 50% Targeting (in Each Building) Community Development Block Grant (CDBG) Loans Affordable Housing Program (AHP) Loans Loan is Subtracted From Eligible Basis Section 8 Native American Housing Assistance and Self- Determination Act (NAHASDA) of 1996 if 40% at 50% Targeting (in Each Building)

21 4% Acquisition Credit Existing Buildings/Acquisition Costs Purchase From Unrelated Party Ten-Year Rule Waiver of Ten-Year Rule From Treasury

22 4% Acquisition Credit (Contd) Certain Placements in Service Ignored – Carryover Basis – Acquired From Decedent – Placement in Service by Governmental Unit or Nonprofit Entity – Foreclosure

23 Substantial Rehabilitation Requirement Greater Of: – $3,000 Per Low-Income Unit, or – 10% of Adjusted Basis Separate New Building Can Receive 4% Plus 9% Credits

24 9% New Construction/Substantial Rehabilitation Credit If Not Federally Subsidized

25 Basis Calculations Start With Eligible Basis, Then Qualified Basis

26 Eligible Basis New Construction = Adjusted Basis (Generally, Development Cost Less Land) Acquisition = Acquisition Cost Substantial Rehabilitation = Capitalized Rehabilitation Expenditures (24-Month Rule) Must Subtract Federal Grants 130% Increase in Qualified Census Tracts (QCTs) and Difficult Development Areas (DDAs)

27 Qualified Basis Qualified Basis = Applicable Fraction Times Eligible Basis Applicable Fraction is the Lower of: – Number of Occupied Low-Income Units Divided by the Total Number of Units, or – Floor Space Fraction

28 Low-Income Units Minimum Set-Aside Election of: – 20% of Units at 50% of Area Median Income (AMI), or – 40% of Units at 60% of AMI Election Upon Placement in Service Must Meet Minimum by End of 1st Credit Year HUD Publishes Area Income Figures Annually

29 Low-Income Units (Contd) Adjustments for Family Size Like Section 8 – Family of 4 Qualifies at 60% (50%) AMI – Family of 3 Qualifies at 54% (45%) AMI – Family of 2 Qualifies at 48% (40%) AMI – Single Household Qualifies at 42% (35%) AMI

30 Rent-Restricted Rent (Including Utilities) Cannot Exceed 30% of Qualifying Income for Assumed Family Size; Based on Bedrooms Per Unit Occupancy Assumptions: – One Person for Studio – 1.5 Persons Per Bedroom

31 Additional Rent Rules Rent Limits Change Annually With Publication of New Area Median Incomes Rent Will Not Decrease Below Original Floor Gross Rent Does Not Include Section 8 (or Similar Rental Subsidies) Gross Rent Must Include Utility Allowance for Tenant- Paid Utilities (i.e., Deduct From Rent to Owner)

32 Example of Tax Credit Calculation 100 Unit Project/70 Low-Income Units TDC (Including Land) = $5.5m Land Value = $500k Eligible Basis = $5.0m Qualified Basis = $3.5m ($5.0m X 70%)

33 Example Tax Credit Calculation (Contd) Applicable Percentage = 8.11% (Not Federally Subsidized) Annual Credit = $283,850 ($3.5m X 8.11%) 10-Year Credits = $2,838,500

34 Equity Calculation Pricing Primarily Based on Total Amount of 10-Year Credits Available to Investor and Market Conditions Expressed As Cents Per Tax Credit Dollar In Above Example, if Investor Will Pay $0.90 Per Tax Credit Dollar, Equity Equals $2,554,394 ($2,838,500 X 99.99% X 0.90) Equity Generally Paid in Several Installments (Often 3 or 4 Installments) Based Upon Negotiated Benchmarks If Bond-Financed 4% Deal, Equity Equals $1,096,090 (($5,500,000 - $500,000) X 70% X 3.48% X 10 X 0.90 X 99.99%)

35 Continued Compliance 15-Year Compliance Period Continued Tenant Qualification – 40% Increase Above Eligibility OK – Vacant Units/Over-Income Units OK if Next Available Unit Rule Followed

36 Recapture Recapture on Non-Compliance: – Accelerated Portion of Credit Recaptured (1/3 of Credit 1st 10 Years, Decreasing Through Year 15) – If Minimum Set-Aside Fails, All Accelerated Credits Recaptured – Otherwise, Unit-by-Unit (Extent of Decrease in Qualified Basis)

37 Recapture (Contd) Recapture on Change of More Than 1/3 in Ownership of Sale of Project Bond Posting Procedure New Owner Steps Into Sellers Shoes Upon Sale of Project

38 Extended Use Recorded Extended Use Commitment Extended Use Period: – At Least 30 Years, May Be Longer to Gain Points Termination (With Three-Year Vacancy De-Control) – Upon Foreclosure – Qualified Contract

39 Qualified Contract State to Find Buyer if Requested by Owner After 14th Year Pursuant to Qualified Contract – Contract = Outstanding Debt + Adjusted Investor Equity + Other Capital Contributions, Less Cash Available for Distribution

40 Qualified Contract (Contd) Adjusted Investor Equity = Initial Investor Equity to Project Inflated by COLA (Up to 5% Per Year) If No Buyer Found Within One Year, Property May Be Sold or Converted to Non-Low-Income Housing, Subject to 3-Year Vacancy Decontrol IRS Guidance Expected in 2007

41 Compliance Monitoring State Credit Agencies Monitor Projects Owners Recordkeeping Requirements: – Number of Low-Income and Total Units – Income Certifications/Annual Re-Certifications and Backup Verifications – Qualified Basis and Eligible Basis Amounts – Rent Amounts Owner Annual Compliance Certifications