Lecture 8: The War Ends—What Next? January 23, 2009

Lend-Lease: The Garden Hose Parable “Suppose my neighbor’s home catches fire and I have a length of garden hose four or five hundred feet away. If he can take my garden hose and connect it up with his hydrant, I may help him to put out his fire. Now, what do I do? I don’t say to him before that operation, ‘Neighbor, my garden hose cost me $15; you have to pay me $15 for it.’ “What is the transaction that goes on? I don’t want $15—I want my garden hose back after the fire is over. All right. If it goes through the fire all right, intact, without any damage to it, he gives it back to me and thanks me very much for the use of it.”

Major Events of the War October 1939: Germany Invades Poland October 1939: Germany Invades Poland May 1940: Germany invades Belgium, France, Luxembourg and the Netherlands May 1940: Germany invades Belgium, France, Luxembourg and the Netherlands September 1940: Nazi Germany, Italy, Japan conclude three-power pact September 1940: Nazi Germany, Italy, Japan conclude three-power pact June 1941: Germany invades the Soviet Union June 1941: Germany invades the Soviet Union September 1941: Siege of Leningrad Begins September 1941: Siege of Leningrad Begins December 1941: US enters the war December 1941: US enters the war June 1942: Manhattan Project begins June 1942: Manhattan Project begins September 1942-February 1943: Battle of Stalingrad September 1942-February 1943: Battle of Stalingrad June 1943: Allies invade Sicily June 1943: Allies invade Sicily September 1943: Italy surrenders September 1943: Italy surrenders January 1944: Soviets break Siege of Leningrad January 1944: Soviets break Siege of Leningrad June 1944: Allied Forces invade France June 1944: Allied Forces invade France

Armaments Production (billions of $s) UK USSR US Total Allies Germany Japan Italy Total Axis

How the War Ended Europe: race to Berlin and occupation of Germany Europe: race to Berlin and occupation of Germany

How the War Ended Europe: race to Berlin and occupation of Germany Europe: race to Berlin and occupation of Germany Pacific: atomic bomb and occupation of Japan Pacific: atomic bomb and occupation of JapanArguments—Pro --end war quickly, save lives --psychological impact on USSR Arguments—Con --unnecessary loss of lives; Japan would have surrendered --set a precedent

Postwar Planning 8/41: Atlantic Conference 8/41: Atlantic Conference 11/43: Teheran 11/43: Teheran 2/45: Yalta 2/45: Yalta UK: retain empire, greater post-war role for France UK: retain empire, greater post-war role for France USSR: punish Germany, buffer in Eastern Europe USSR: punish Germany, buffer in Eastern Europe US: US-led U.N., Soviet help in Asia, free Eastern Europe US: US-led U.N., Soviet help in Asia, free Eastern Europe First salvo of Cold War? First salvo of Cold War? 7/45: Potsdam 7/45: Potsdam

WJY WJY

Taking stock Unprecedented levels of violence and scope of war Unprecedented levels of violence and scope of war

Taking stock Unprecedented levels of violence and scope of war Unprecedented levels of violence and scope of war The “paradox of modernity” The “paradox of modernity”