Skeletal System Overview Biology 2121 Chapter 7

Study Guide Notes 1. You are responsible for any bone covered in the lab. Bone location General function(s) of bone 2. PP Notes 3. Review/Objective Notes

Introduction Skeletal System Functions Axial vs. Appendicular Number of Bones Functions 1. Support 2. Mineral and Lipid storage 3. Hematopoiesis 4. Protection 5. Leverage

Axial Skeleton – The Skull 22 facial and cranial bones Cranium (8) cranial bones Thin, formed by intermembranous processes Protection; attachment site for head and neck muscles Encases the brain 2. Bones are held together by ‘sutures’ Coronal, saggitial, squamous, lambdoid 3. Facial Bones (14) facial bones Functions

Vertebral Column (26) bones total 2. Attachments 3. Discs 7 Cervical; 12 Thoracic; 5 Lumbar; sacrum and coccyx Curvature 2. Attachments Longitudinal ligaments Ligamentum flavum 3. Discs Gelatinous; collagen and fibrocartilage Compressible 4. Structure and Differences Differences between cervical, thoracic and lumbar sections Vertebral Column

Sacrum and Coccyx 1. Sacrum 2. Coccyx (5) fused vertebrae Sacral foramina Sacral nerves; BVs Sacral canal Continuation of vertebral canal Forms joint with hip bones (sacroilliac joint) 2. Coccyx (4) fused vertebrae Mostly ‘useless’

Thoracic Cage 1. Function 2. Sternum 3. Ribs Protects heart, lungs, blood vessels Supports shoulder girdles, upper limbs, attachments for muscles 2. Sternum Attachment site for clavicles (clavicular notch) Xiphoid process ossifies around ‘40’ Hematopoiesis 3. Ribs (12) pairs; (7)-True; (5)-False; Last pair – Floating Joined by costal cartilage Thoracic Cage

Appendicular Skeleton – Pectoral Girdle Pectoral ‘Shoulder’ Attach upper limbs to axial skeleton; muscle attachment Clavicles Articulates with scapulae and sternum Anchor muscles (deltoid; pectoralis major); brace arms and shoulder 3. Scapulae “spade or shovel” Coracoid process (biceps; coracobrachialis) Acromioclavicular joint

Upper, Lower Arm - Hand Humerus 2. Ulna and Radius Tubercles (rotator cuff muscles); deltoid tuberosity (deltoid) Condyles (capitulum and trochlea) Epicondyles (muscle attachments) 2. Ulna and Radius Ulna (elbow joint) Radius (radial tuberosity – biceps) 3. Carpus-Metacarpus-Phalanges 8-carpal bones

Pelvic (Hip) Girdle 1. Os coxae (hip bones) 2. Male vs. Female Form pelvic girdle Pelvic girdle + sacrum + coccyx = bony pelvis Ilium; Ischium and Pubis 2. Male vs. Female Male: cavity is narrow; deep; less tilt; heavier Female: broad cavity; lighter; acetabula farther apart 3. Female and Childbirth True pelvis (inlet and outlet) important for childbirth Pelvic (Hip) Girdle

Lower Limbs 1. Femur 2. Tibia and Fibula Largest, longest, strongest bone in the human body Trochanters (thigh and buttock muscles) Epicondyles Patella 2. Tibia and Fibula Tibia: transfers weight of femur to foot; distal tibia articulates with talus of foot; medial malleolus (ankle) Fibula: not weight bearing; muscular attachments Lower Limbs

Foot 1. Tarsus 2. Metatarsus and Phalanges (7) tarsal bones “talus” – ankle bone; “calcaneous” – heel Cuboid, navicular and cuneiform bones 2. Metatarsus and Phalanges (14) phalanges