Skeletal System 206 Total Bones Mr. Vazquez Mater Lakes Academy 2011 – 2012 Biology

Functions of the Skeletal System Support and protection Blood cell formation Mineral Storage Site for muscle attachment  body movement

Types Of Joints Pivot Hinge Ball & SocketGliding Top of the neck Shoulder/Hip Elbow/Knee Intercarpal joints

Cranium Mandible Sternum Rib Vertebral Column Pelvis Sacrum Coccyx Clavicle Scapula Humerus Ulna Radius Carpals Metacarpals Phalanges Femur Patella Tibia Fibula Tarsals Metatarsals Phalanges

Types of Bones Long BoneShort Bone Flat BoneIrregular Bone Head – Body - HeadAs wide as they are long Provides Protection bones which do not fall into any other category

Connective Tissues Cartilage – Allows joints to move easily, cushions bones, and supports soft tissue Ligament – Hold bones in place at the joints Tendon – Joins muscle to muscle or muscle to bone

Skeletal System Information Appendicular System 126 bones Axial System 80 bones

Bone enclosed in periosteum, which is continuous with tendons and ligaments blood vessels in periosteum Epiphysis- ends spongy bone contains red marrow compact bone, articular cartilage Diaphysis- middle compact bone medullary cavity- contains yellow marrow (fat) lined with endosteum (squamous epithelium)

Compact bone osteocytes within lacunae are arranged in concentric circles called lamellae This surround a central canal; complex is called the Haversian system Canaliculi connect osteocytes to the central canal and to each other

Axial skeleton skull (cranium and facial bones) hyoid bone (anchors tongue and muscles associated with swallowing) vertebral column (vertebrae and disks) thoracic cage (ribs and sternum) Appendicular skeleton pectoral girdle (clavicles and scapulae) upper limbs (arms) pelvic girdle (coxal bones, sacrum, coccyx) lower limbs (legs)

22 bones in skull 6 in middle ears 1 hyoid bone 26 in vertebral column 25 in thoracic cage 4 in pectoral girdle 60 in upper limbs 60 in lower limbs 2 in pelvic girdle 206 bones in all

The skull 8 sutured bones in cranium Facial bones: 13 sutured bones, 1 mandible Cranium encases brain attachments for muscles and sinuses

Vertebral column 7 cervial vertebrae 12 thoracic 5 lumbar 1 sacrum (5 fused 1 coccyx (4 fused) Vertebrae vary in size and morphology

Thoracic cage ribs thoracic vertebrae sternum costal cartilages True ribs are directly attached to the sternum (first seven pairs) Three false ribs are joined to the 7 th rib Two pairs of floating ribs

Clavicles and scapulae Help brace shoulders Attachment sites for muscles

Bones of upper limb Humerus (upper arm) Radius; ulna Carpals, metacarpals, phalanges Bones of lower limb Femur Patella Tibia, fibula Tarsals, metatarslas, phalanges Joints Immovable (synarthoses) bones sutured together by connective tissue: skull Slightly movable (amphiarthoses) connected by fibrocartilage or hyaline cartilage: vertebrae, rib/sternum joint, pubic ymphysis Freely movable (diarthroses)- separated ligaments- hold bones together tendons- muscle to bone lined by synovial membrane

Types of freely movable joints Saddle: carpal and metacarpal bones of thumb Ball and socket: shoulder and hip joints Pivot- rotation only: proximal end of radius and ulna Hinge- up and own movement in one plane: knee and elbow Gliding- sliding and twisting: wrist and ankle Condyloid- movement in different planes but not rotations: btw metacarpals and phalanges

Types of movement and examples (with muscles) flexion- move lower leg toward upper extension- straightening the leg abduction- moving leg away from body adduction- movong leg toward the body rotation- around its axis supination- rotation of arm to palm-up position pronation- palm down circumduction- swinging arms in circles inversion- turning foot so sole is inward eversion- sole is out

Elevation and depression- raising body part up or down Aging and bones both bone and cartilage tend to deteriorate cartilage: chondrocytes die, cartilage becomes calcified osteoporosis; bone is broken down faster than it can be built bones get weak and brittle; tend to fracture easily

Growth hormone regulates skeletal growth stimulates cell division in epiphyseal disks in long bones Growth stops when epiphyseal disks are converted to bone When excess growth hormone is produced in childhood  gigantism In adulthood- acromegaly. Bones can’t grow but soft tissue can

Open Fracture a fracture that protrudes to the exterior of the body.

Closed Fracture A Fracture that does not break the skin

Greenstick Fracture Only one side of the bone is broken, mostly seen in children

Transverse Fracture Break at a right angle and caused by direct traumatic injury

Spiral Fracture Bone broke because of a twisting type motion.

Oblique Fracture Rarest form of fractures, the break is at an angle.