Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Chapter 1 Principles of Zoology

Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Biology Science that deals with life processes and characteristics of plants and animals Studies origin, history, and habits of many forms of plant and animal life Two main branches: – Botany (plants) – Zoology (animal life)

Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Zoology Studies Distinguishing characteristics of one member of a species from others within that family Fauna or animals found in a particular region Structural or anatomical changes occurring in a species

Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Taxonomy Organizes animals into groups based on genetic and structural similarities to other animals Animal kingdom – animals Plant kingdom – plants

Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Taxonomy of Living Things

Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Subphylum Vertebrata All animals with backbones: mammals, birds, fishes, reptiles, amphibians All have a skeleton with segmented backbone composed of bone segments surrounding a spinal cord that extends from the tail to the skull

Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Subphylum Vertebrata (Cont.)

Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Animal Behaviors and Habits Distinct to the animal Enable species to: –Find/consume food –Obtain energy –Grow physically –Adapt to the environment –Reproduce

Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Behavioral Differences Among Species Make it possible for them to live in a wide variety of environments Allow an animal to occupy a specific niche in an environment Make some species more adaptable than others

Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Instinctive Behavior Evident at birth Natural to an animal Characteristic of other animals of the same species

Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Learned Behavior Acquired through life experiences Examples include finding food, water, safety from natural enemies

Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Animal Structure/Anatomy Enables animal to survive in its environment Closely related to method of obtaining food Each animal class has unique differences in anatomy or structure from other animal classes

Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Animal Structure/Anatomy Includes Arrangement of skeletal bones Attachment of muscles on the bones Unique features like feathers, hair, scales

Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Animal Structure/Anatomy Includes (Cont.) How internal organs are designed and arranged Way the animal moves

Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Animal Nutrition Food necessary to supply energy for life functions: –Growth and repair of living cells –Formation of chemical bonds –Maintenance of body temperature (warm-blooded animals)

Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Animal Digestive Systems Single compartment stomach: –Simple stomach –Location for food storage and start of digestive process –Found in most mammals –Ideal for processing food with high concentrations of nutrients, like grains and meat

Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Animal Digestive Systems (Cont.) Four compartment stomach –Found in ruminants (sheep, deer, goats) –Rumen largest compartment where plant materials break down and ferment –Ideal for high-fiber foods (grass, twigs, leaves) that are low in nutrient concentration

Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Animal Digestive Systems (Cont.) Crop and gizzard –Found in birds –Crop stores and softens food –Gizzard uses swallowed stones/grit to grind food

Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Mitosis Cell division that causes growth of body’s tissues and organs Occurs when body cells divide at a faster rate than they die Controls rate of growth

Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Six Steps of Mitosis Process

Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Meiosis Reproductive cell division Creates gametes (reproductive cells) Occurs in two divisions Process for gamete formation the same for all animals

Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Process of Meiosis

Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Terminology Gametes – reproductive cells Sperm – male reproductive cells Eggs – a reproductive cell or ovum produced by a female organism Haploid Cell – cells that contain a single chromosome from each homologous pair Diploid Cell – cells containing both homologues from each chromosome Zygote – a fertilized egg

Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Reproduction Differences Eggs fertilized inside the body (birds, reptiles) Eggs fertilized outside the body (frogs, toads, salamanders, fish) Live young developed from eggs fertilized inside female’s body (mammals)