FCC Infrastructure & Operation studies: progress and outlook Philippe Lebrun, CERN on behalf of the FCC Infrastructure & Operation Working Group FCC Week 2015 Washington D.C., March 2015

Scope The physics, detector and accelerator physics & technology parts of the FCC conceptual design are essentially site-independent They are to be complemented by a study of the implantation and infrastructure for the 80 km to 100 km perimeter ring in the neighbourhood of CERN This would permit optimal re-use of the existing infrastructure, a strong asset of a CERN-based FCC The study should also address integration, installation, computing and control, as well as operational aspects including reliability/availability, power/energy consumption and safety Together with the detector and accelerator parts of the FCC conceptual design, the infrastructure study is an essential input to the cost, schedule and risk assessments, as well as to the future environmental impact assessment Ph. LebrunFCC Week Washington, DC2

Basic input to FCC Infrastructure & Operation Quasi-circular tunnel of 80 to 100 km perimeter Ph. LebrunFCC Week Washington, DC3 e+ e- collider Collision energy 90 to 350 GeV Very high luminosity e+ e- collider Collision energy 90 to 350 GeV Very high luminosity Hadron collider 16 T  100 TeV for 100 km 20 T  100 TeV for 80 km Hadron collider 16 T  100 TeV for 100 km 20 T  100 TeV for 80 km

Infrastructure is a cost driver Cost structure of high-energy accelerators Ph. LebrunFCC Week Washington, DC4 CLIC 500 ≡ “green field” LHC “green field” (reconstructed)

Accelerator design roadmap “Waterfall” vs “concurrent” engineering Ph. LebrunFCC Week Washington, DC5 Accelerator physics Accelerator physics Accelerator technology Accelerator technology Infrastructure Cost & Schedule Environmental impact Safety Power & Energy Performance targets Reliability & availability

Infrastructure & Operation topics Geology & civil engineering Integration Electrical distribution Cryogenics Cooling & ventilation Transport & handling Installation Survey & alignment Controls Power/energy consumption Availability & reliability General safety Radiation protection Ph. LebrunFCC Week Washington, DC6

Topographical constraints Plaine du genevois 350 – 550 m/mer Mont Salève Lac Léman 300 – 372 m/mer Mandallaz Bornes – Aravis 600 – 2500 m/mer Plateau du Mont Sion 550 – 860 m/mer Pré-Alpes du Chablais 600 – 2500 m/mer Vallon des Usses 380 – 500 m/mer Vallée du Rhône  330 m/mer Valée de l’Arve 400 – 600 m/mer Massif du Jura 550 – 1720 m/mer Ph. LebrunFCC Week Washington, DC7 ___  260 m/mer ___  170 m/mer Rhône & Usses canyons Lake crossing Evires pass

Geological context Ph. LebrunFCC Week Washington, DC8 MOLASSE (Grès, Marnes) TERRAINS MEUBLES (Moraine, Alluvions) Karsts CALCAIRE

Updated model of molasse layer (from test drillings and seismic logs) Ph. LebrunFCC Week Washington, DC9 Tertiary-quaternary interface (top of molasse layer) Cretaceous-tertiary interface (bottom of molasse layer)

Hydrography Ph. LebrunFCC Week Washington, DC10 Aquifers in quaternary layersKarstic networks… …more or less plugged off!

Man-made hazards Ph. LebrunFCC Week Washington, DC11 Gas pipe-lines

3D digital model of local geology GIS decision-aid tool for tunnel siting Ph. LebrunFCC Week Washington, DC12 ARUP

FCC 93 km perimeter Possible siting Ph. LebrunFCC Week Washington, DC13

FCC 100 km perimeter Possible siting Ph. LebrunFCC Week Washington, DC14

Geology & Civil Engineering Next steps –Optimization algorithms (maximum gradient and/or genetic) for optimization of tunnel siting based on 3D model and GIS tool –CE studies on tunnelling options (shallow crossing of lake), access shaft/ramp construction, deep underground caverns (risk of rock convergence), environmental aspects (handling of spoil), cost –Design criteria for experimental areas (underground caverns and surface buildings), functional analysis and preliminary layout drawings –Design criteria for technical areas (underground caverns and surface buildings), functional analysis and preliminary layout drawings Ph. LebrunFCC Week Washington, DC15 J. Osborne, “Civil engineering & geology”, Thursday 26 March, 8h30

Tunnel footprint 4 values of perimeter considered, rational multiples of LHC taken as high- energy booster for FCC-hh –80.0 km –86.6 km –93.3 km –100.0 km Arc radius of curvature maximized –FCC-hh: to reach maximum beam energy at achievable magnetic field –FCC-ee: to reach maximum luminosity at 50 MW/beam synchrotron power Geometry –Experimental areas “clustered” and separated by short arcs, away from injection and collimation regions –Long straight sections for IRs and RF –Distribute RF in LSS to limit energy sawtoothing (FCC-ee) –Extended straight sections for FCC-hh collimation and extraction –Dispersion suppressors on either side of LSS and ESS –Very short technical straight sections between long arcs (FCC-hh) Ph. LebrunFCC Week Washington, DC16

Allocation of Straight Sections FCC-hh Ph. LebrunFCC Week Washington, DC17 INJ EXP INJ EXP COLL + EXTR SECTOR FEED/RETURN SECTOR FEED/RETURN SECTOR FEED/RETURN

Allocation of Straight Sections FCC-ee Ph. LebrunFCC Week Washington, DC18 INJ + RF EXP + RF COLL + EXTR + RF EXP + RF INJ + RF RF?

Space allocation in tunnel from functional and accessibility analysis Ph. LebrunFCC Week Washington, DC19 Machine zone Safety zone Technical zone

Ph. LebrunFCC Week Washington, DC20 FCC-hh arcs Single tunnel, longitudinal ventilation

FCC-hh arcs Double tunnel, longitudinal ventilation Ph. LebrunFCC Week Washington, DC21

Low-field dipoles for FCC-ee Benefits of a twin magnet Ph. LebrunFCC Week Washington, DC22 Return bars to contain stray field Separate magnets Twin magnet Half the conductor volume, half the power consumption Compatibility with handling of synchrotron radiation? e+ e-e+ e-

FCC-ee twin dipole Saves transverse space, capital cost and power Ph. LebrunFCC Week Washington, DC23 A. Milanese Parallel field in both apertures Powered by 4 bus bars instead of 8 for separate magnets

FCC-ee arcs Single tunnel, small beam spacing Ph. LebrunFCC Week Washington, DC24

FCC-ee long straight sections Single tunnel + klystron/modulator gallery Ph. LebrunFCC Week Washington, DC25

FCC-hh cryogenics First estimate of cryogenic heat loads LHC cryoplant State-of-the-art cryoplant LHC installed power Per arcFor FCC-hh (12 arcs) Ph. LebrunFCC Week Washington, DC26 L. Tavian, “Overview of FCC cryogenics”, Thursday 26 March, 10h30

FCC-hh cryogenics Cooling the beam screen Optimum beam screen temperature results from minimizing total entropic load For cold mass at 1.9 K, the optimum beam screen temperature is around K but –Surface impedance increases with T –Forbidden ranges due to vacuum instabilities Favor the K window This represents the largest load on the refrigeration plant (~100 MWe) Investigate non-conventional solutions for high efficiency (Turbo-Brayton with Ne-He mixtures) Ph. LebrunFCC Week Washington, DC27 Forbidden by vacuum and/or by surface impedance L. Tavian, “Cooling the FCC beam screens”, Thursday 26 March, 11h30 S. Klöppel, “Cryogenic refrigeration with Ne-He mixtures: roadmap and first results of the TU Dresden study”, Thursday 26 March, 11h10

Options for FCC cryogenic architecture Layout 1 Arc cooling 12 cryoplants 6 technical sites Layout 2 ½ arc cooling 12 cryoplants 12 technical sites Layout 3 ½ arc cooling 24 cryoplants 12 technical sites Cryoplant unit size beyond state-of-the-art Estimate 50 to K, including K Ph. LebrunFCC Week Washington, DC28 F. Millet, “Large-capacity helium refrigeration: from state-of-the-art towards FCC reference solutions”, Thursday 26 March, 10h50 F. Millet, “Study of a magnetic refrigeration stage”, Thursday 26 March, 9h25

Cryogenics Next steps –Heat loads: estimate heat inleaks based on conceptual design of machine cryostats, refine assessment of dynamic heat loads following progress of accelerator systems definition –Cooling schemes: explore variants for cooling schemes of superconducting accelerator components, beam screens/beam pipes, including non-conventional working fluids –Cryoplants: investigate options for increase of unit capacity and efficiency, including impacts on operability, CAPEX and OPEX; study implantation at ground level and underground –Cryogenic distribution: define pipe sizes, conceptual mechanical and thermal design of distribution lines, explore options of integrated piping vs external cryoline –Cryogen inventory: address issues of cryogen inventory management (initial fill, thermal transients, losses) Ph. LebrunFCC Week Washington, DC29

Vertical transport Limits on elevator and crane heights Ph. LebrunFCC Week Washington, DC30 Lift travel of ~ 500 m considered as maximum feasible with steel cable (safety factor of 12) Recent development of carbon-fiber ropes (KONE lifts) opens the way for lift travel of 1000 m or more Crane lifting height of ~ 3000 m currently feasible (offshore, mining) Few 100 m problematic with standard configuration EOTs

Horizontal transport Explore contactless powering of electrical vehicles Ph. LebrunFCC Week Washington, DC31 Continuous during travel Battery charge at parking Supercapacitor recharge at periodic stops

Personnel and equipment transport Next steps –Design options for elevators and cranes with large lifting heights –Technological watch on contactless guiding and powering of electrical vehicles –Study of “high”-velocity people mover in safe area of tunnel –Vertical/horizontal traffic & duty cycle optimization for access and installation phases –Remote/automated intervention systems –Robotics/remote handling for radiation-hot areas Ph. LebrunFCC Week Washington, DC32 I. Ruhl, “Transport & handling considerations”, Thursday 26 March, 8h50

Operational aspects Controls, RAMS, power consumption Beam dump Setup (Ramp down and Preparation for next fill) Injection Ramp Squeeze Collide Stable beams Energy Ph. LebrunFCC Week Washington, DC33 Ph. Gayet, “Control concepts for future circular accelerators: why it is not too early to speak about them”, Thursday 26 March, 13h30 Scale from LHC experience !

Reliability, availability, maintainability LHC experience, from Run 1 to HL-LHC R2E MITIGATIONS HL TARGET 2012 AVAILABILITY P. Sollander, “A key attribute of a Future Circular Collider: availability performance (RAMS)”, Thursday 26 March, 9h10 P. Sollander, “A key attribute of a Future Circular Collider: availability performance (RAMS)”, Thursday 26 March, 9h10 Ph. LebrunFCC Week Washington, DC34

Power and energy consumption Two approaches –Analytical: proper when PBS/WBS is known, from elementary values to aggregates by system to complete facility –Scaling from existing project: adapted to obtain a first estimate, must choose reference project(s) and scaling laws At present, use only scaling to get first estimates enabling to assess design options for utilities: cooling, ventilation and electricity distribution Reference installations –FCC-hh: LHC –FCC-ee: LEP, LEP2, recent developments in SC RF From power to energy –Investigate partial operation and standby modes –Explore options for energy efficiency and energy management Ph. LebrunFCC Week Washington, DC35 R. Steerenberg, “Preliminary power estimates for FCC-hh”, Thursday 26 March, 9h30

Utilities Feeding FCC from the HV network (Source: RTE) Ph. LebrunFCC Week Washington, DC36

Utilities Next steps –Electrical: collect requirements for normal, emergency and no-break power for the different systems; explore on-site and off-site distribution options (staging of voltages, network architecture including redundancy, location of substations, routing of lines) –Cooling and ventilation: collect requirements from technical systems, define different modes of operation and standby, establish general architecture of cooling (primary & secondary) and ventilation networks, study options for heat rejection and/or recovery Ph. LebrunFCC Week Washington, DC37

Safety & environment Longitudinal ventilation with smoke extraction Length of Smoke Compartment Dynamic Confinement Extraction duct Ø 1.2 m Ph. LebrunFCC Week Washington, DC38 u LbLb Region I Fr ≤ 0.9 Region II 0.9 ≤ Fr ≤ 10 Region III Fr > 10 H Forced ventilation StratificationMixing

Safety & environment Next steps –Develop safety studies in underground areas (MCA, fire containment, smoke/helium extraction, ODH, emergency access & egress) –Optimize sizing of cryogenic relief devices in two-phase & supercritical flow –Calculate radiation maps in and around tunnel(s) for personnel and equipment safety –Study radiological aspects of modified LHC as FCC-hh injector –Address environment protection, radiological & conventional –Prepare environmental impact study Ph. LebrunFCC Week Washington, DC39 A. Henriques, “Lessons learnt and new concepts for conventional safety in FCC”, Thursday 26 March, 13h50 M. Widorski, “Optimised civil engineering layout for radiation protection in FCC”, Thursday 26 March, 14h10

Summary Substantial progress in FCC Infrastructure & Operation studies, concurrently with developments in accelerator design and technology –Siting studies based on topography, hydrology and geological model of underground –Tunnel footprint and machine integration in tunnel cross-sections investigated –First sizing of cryogenic systems has allowed to identify areas for developments and establish collaborations –Unconventional transport and handling options studied –Operational aspects, including reliability, addressed via experience with existing machines (LHC) and scaling to FCC –Power and energy issues are being addressed, prerequisite to design of electrical distribution and cooling/ventilation systems –Novel safety aspects resulting from large size and high-energy and luminosity performance of the FCC machines In the second year of study, home in onto reference design of machines (with variants) enabling to refine configuration and sizing of infrastructure systems Welcome further development of external collaborations on both site-specific and site-independent topics Ph. LebrunFCC Week Washington, DC40