Unit 6 – Adjustment and Breakdown Stress and Health

Sources of Stress What is stress? Event, response, or perception of a situation that causes conflict Person’s reaction to their inability to cope with a certain tense event or conflict

Sources of Stress Components of stress: Stress-causing event or situation = stressor Stress reaction – often negative From acute anxiety or pressure = distress ?? (harassment, mugging, illness, breakup…) Always bad? From motivating challenges = eustress ?? (precompetition nerves, stage jitters…)

Sources of Stress Conflict situations: Must choose between two or more options with conflicting motives…examples ?? 4 different types: Both good = approach-approach ?? (accepted to 2 colleges, concert or ballgame, invited to 2 parties…) Both bad = avoidance-avoidance ?? (study physics or math, study or do chores, bad job or no job…)

Sources of Stress One good one bad = approach-avoidance ?? (ask for raise – get raise or get fired, ask for date – get date or get rejected, ask parents to go out – yes or no…) Multiple options with good and bad = double approach-avoidance ?? (2 vacation choices, aggressive or conservative golf shots…)

Sources of Stress Why do some people view a situation as stressful but others don’t? Level of stress you feel depends on how you appraise the situation Immediate evaluation of a situation = primary appraisal Deciding how to deal / cope with the situation = secondary appraisal

Sources of Stress Environmental ?? Life changes ?? noise, crowding… teenage issues… SRRS

Male participants rated on scale of 1-100. Concerns: one stressor creates / compounds another scale doesn’t assess ongoing stressors (poverty, racism etc.)

Sources of Stress Hassles - relatively minor, day-to-day events, gradually weaken body’s defense system ?? slow traffic, lose keys, forget homework… Uplifts – small, positive events doing well on test, winning match, nice visit with a friend…

Reactions to Stress How do people react? (Physical, behavioral, psychological) We are holistic organisms Mind over matter Will to live

Reactions to Stress Hans Selye – identified 3 stages in the body’s stress reaction General Adaptation Syndrome Alarm – fight or flight, heartrate & breathing faster, more alert, muscles tense, pupils dilate Resistance – find means of coping with stressor, may develop psychosomatic symptoms (real physical symptoms caused by stress & tension) Exhaustion – adrenaline depleted, disorientation, delusions

Reactions to Stress Types of reactions?? Emotional Cognitive Behavioral Physical

Reactions to Stress Emotional: Anxiety – vague, generalized apprehension or feeling of danger (most common response to sudden & powerful stressor) Anger – irate reaction to frustration Fear – real or imagined danger Overreacting to minor irritations, self doubt, tension, short temper

Reactions to Stress Cognitive: Difficulty concentrating, thinking Recurring thoughts, worry Poor decision making Unjustified suspicion, distrust Continued frustration - burnout

Reactions to Stress Behavioral: Not all bad - heroism, cooperation Nervous habits (pacing, trembling) Gulp meals Smoke, drink, take drugs Become lethargic, aggressive Lose interest in eating, grooming Escape, unemployment Not all bad - heroism, cooperation

Reactions to Stress Physical: Psychosomatic - real physical symptoms caused by stress and tension?? (headaches, stomachaches, muscle pain, insomnia, migraines, sweating, dry mouth) (urinary / bowel trouble, ulcers, hypertension, arthritis, asthma, heart disease) (indirect contribution to illness - tampers with immune system)

Reactions to Stress What factors influence individual reactions? Personality Type A – irritable, impatient, hostile, extremely competitive, eat/move fast – impact on health?? (constant adrenaline flow, coronary artery disease, heart attacks) Type B – relaxed, patient, better coronary health Emotional expressiveness (don’t express – cancer risk) Perceived control Social support

Coping with Stress How do we decide how to cope with stressors? (cognitive appraisal-> interpretation of event -> stress impact)

Coping with Stress If threatened, how might we cope? Defensive coping strategies ?? 3 groups see gruesome film, one told nothing one told events not real – denial = decide event isn’t a stressor one told film is educational, importance of safety – intellectualization = emotionally detached viewpoint, block out feelings control group had higher stress levels

Coping with Stress If challenged, how might we cope? Active coping strategies ?? hardiness = belief we can control out situation, commitment to establish and pursue goals, and view situation as a challenge control – escape, withdraw, manage timing problem solving – rational analysis explanatory style – style of thinking: Optimist = puts best face on any set of events Pessimist = always sees the dark side

Coping with Stress progressive relaxation meditation biofeedback humor to release pent up feelings and maintain perspective exercise support groups, professional help training improving interpersonal skills

Stress in Your Life Adjusting to college, work force College shock – people from diverse backgrounds, challenges high school identity Autonomy = taking care of yourself & making decisions Developmental friendships = close relationships that force friends to reexamine ideas and beliefs (Madison – this & student culture have more impact than professors) Resynthesis = combining old ideas with new ones, reorganizing feelings, renew identity Comparable worth = concept that men & women should receive equal pay for jobs with comparable skill and responsibility Work satisfaction – coworker relationships, challenge, comfort