Professor David J. Francis Head Department of Peace Studies & Director John & Elnora Ferguson Centre for African Studies (JEFCAS) University of Bradford

 Security matters because: Important topic, if not, deadly concept in contemporary world politics today Lens to make sense of world politics and national & Regional Politics & Development issues Deadly concept because in the NAME of ‘security’, people are killed, raped, tortured, imprisoned, massacred, starved to death & denied access to basic necessities of life Africa today, most of the violent and anti- democratic actions by Governments and States are JUSTIFIED in the name of Security

 Security: means different things to different people, agencies, institutions & at different times Military, Security & Intelligence agencies have a particular understanding of ‘Security’ Politicians, Policy Analysts & Practitioners have different understanding of ‘Security’ Individuals & local communities, depending on their particular circumstances, have different understanding of ‘Security’ Academics have diverse interpretations of ‘Security’: o Barry Buzan, People, States & Fear (1991): 13 different definitions o Alan Collins, Contemporary Security Studies (2007): 9 different definitions

1. Security: political connotation Plays important role in world politics Determines who Get What, When, Why & How Associated with High-Politics Become a powerful political tool used to set agenda: o President G. Bush’s ‘War on Terror’ after 9/11 o Boko Haram Terrorist threats in Nigeria & West Africa o Al Shabbab Terrorist threats & Piracy in Somalia, Horn of Africa & East Africa 2. Security: normative connotation Perceived as a good thing / a public good About protection, feeling safe, stability, order, peace & development Contradictions: attempt to protect some people, groups or states from fear may produce insecurity & fear in others 3. Security: practical implications ‘Security’ not simply an academic & intellectual pursuit About practical & policy interventions Achieving security for ‘Real People in Real situations’ Changing lives: positive social & political change

 Security is about: 1.‘Condition of being or feeling safe from harm or danger’ (Terriff et al, 1999) 2. Protection, preservation & removal of threats to ‘core values’ or ‘acquired values: Freedom, religious identity, identity as a nation & way of life 3.‘Conditions of human existence’, i.e. security is simply about Survival at state level, societal level, individual 4.More than ‘Survival’ because it is about emancipation (Ken Booth, ‘Security & Emancipation’ 1991)

1.Accumulation of Power: More power one has (i.e. military power) the more secure Critique: asymmetrical wars, multiple security threats, terrorism 2.Emancipation: Freedom from life determining threats: e.g. poverty Freedom from FEAR & WANT Preoccupied with Justice & Human Rights

Security Studies is threats to survival but those threats are far reaching What Threats? Organised State Violence Beyond the State

 Paradigm Shift in Defining Security: From Traditional Military Concept of ‘Security’ to Soft-edged understanding of Security From State-centric understanding of security to Human Security - Change in Referent Object of Security  ‘Securitisation’ of Everything: What type of security are we talking about? Who decides what security means? Who determines the security agenda? ‘Security’ for WHOM, WHAT & for What Purpose? What is to be secured? How can security be achieved? Who pays for Security & at what cost?

Traditional SecurityNon-military Security 1. National Security 2. Common Security / Co-operative Security 3. Security Dilemma 4. Security Regime 5. Security Community 6. Collective Security 7. Regional Security Complex 8. International Security 1. Human Security 2. Societal Security 3. Global Security

 Arguments: 1. Africa demonstrates the limits of traditional & dominant approaches to security: Traditional approaches to security when applied to Africa fundamentally misrepresents & neglects the everyday realities of multiple Non-military sources of threat to security 2. The State in Africa has become a Source of insecurity & threat to peoples & societies: Violent & illegal activities of State Military & Security Agencies as well as Corrupt Ruling & Governing Elites

 Understanding the context & nature of security problematic in Africa: 1.Impact & legacies of: Slave trade economy Colonialism & Colonial Rule Cold War Politics Manner of incorporation of African into Global Economy (IDP & IDL)  Have all Created fundamental Structural problems All still continue to impact & determine how security is interpreted & responded to in Africa –E.g. French Colonial Pact in Africa 2.Security threat (s) in Africa not Homogenous or Uniform Different Regions faced with diverse Forms / Sources of threat to security 3.In context of Africa: Link between Military & Non-military Sources of threat to Security Non-military Sources of Threat to Security (e.g. Poverty) sometimes escalates into armed conflicts & wars Non-military dimensions of security have & continue to threaten individual & Societal Security just as National & State Security Nexus of Security & Development in context of Africa

Military Security Threats/Traditional Security Non-Military Threats / Non-Traditional Security  Wars and Armed Conflicts  Political Violence: e.g. post-election violence in Kenya 2007  Criminal Violence / Transboarder criminal violence  Terrorism / Militant & radical fundamentalism  Narco-violence (Narco-states): Guinea Bissau in West Africa Natural Disasters: Floods, Famine & Drought Health/Disease: HIV/AIDs pandemic Resource scarcity : Water & Land Environmental Degradation / Climate Change Poverty & underdevelopment: income & human poverty Internal Displacement, Forced Migration & Refugees

Resource Abundance Depressing Social & Development Indicators  Political Economy Indicators – Africa’s abundant Strategic Mineral Resources: 21 plus  Africa’s Collective GDP in 2008 alone was US $1.6 Trillion (roughly equals Brazil or Russia)  Projection of Africa’s Collective GDP by 2012 is US $2.6 Trillion –  10 of the World’s Top 20 Fastest Growing Economies are in Africa: Emerging Lion Economies  Estimated 60% of Population in SSA live on less than US $2 a day  Increasing Youth Unemployment & Joblessness (49.6%) – 60% of Africa 1 Billion Population Comprise Youth

Face of ‘Security’ in Africa Today?

 Link between : Freedom From WANT Freedom From FEAR Security Challenges in Africa Military Security Threats Non- military Security Threats

Oil Support for Dictatorship War on Terror Israel’s National Security Stability at All Cost

Policy Considerations:  Recognition by Military & Security Agencies of Inextricable LINK between Military Security Threats & Non-military Sources of Threat to Security  National / Regional Security Doctrine & Practice focus on LINK between Military Security Threats & Non- military Sources of Security  Requires Paradigm Shift in Training & Education of National & Regional Military & Security Agencies in Peacetime Democratic Africa  Recognition that long-term National & Regional Peace & Security cannot be achieved & maintained through the barrel of the gun