Chapter 22 The Industrial Revolution Section 1 Origins of the Industrial Revolution

The Agricultural Revolution In the 1500’s and 1600’s the English began to enclose, or {fence off, their lands into individual plots. At the same time smaller lands were being combined into larger more productive plots This enclosure movement} continued on into the 1700’s and reached its height in the 1800’s The enclosure movement made people begin to think of better more efficient farming methods Landowner, {Jethro Tull, developed a drill that made it possible to plant seeds in straight rows as well as a horse-drawn hoe to dig up weeds and break up soil} Another landowner, Charles Townshend, developed {crop rotation- planting different crops in the fields each year to build nutrients} By the 1800’s many farm workers were replaced by machines

J T E U T L H L R O

The Jethro Tull we’re studying Tull’s horse drawn hoe The Jethro Tull we’re studying Tull’s seed drill

Factors of Production {Following the Agricultural Revolution came the Industrial Revolution} {The I.R. began in Great Britain because of the abundance of three factors- land, capital and labor; these are called the factors of production} Land refers to all natural resources including minerals, waterways and soil Capital includes tools, machinery, equipment, inventory and money Labor refers to the people who do the work. Britain had an overabundance of people in need of jobs thanks to the massive migration of machine replaced tenant farmers into the cities

The Textile Industry The first step toward {mechanization- using automatic machinery to increase production}- was the invention of a mechanized loom In 1733, British engineer John Kay created the flying shuttle Then in the 1760’s weaver James Hargreaves invented the spinning jenny Richard Arkwright later invented a way to make the machine water powered {Arkwright brought water power and workers together and opened a spinning mill, marking the beginning of the first factory system} By the 1780’s one person could weave as much cloth as 200 hand loom operators This rapid change shows how each invention created a new need and human imagination filled the gap

The spinning jenny solved the problem of running out of thread The flying shuttle was the first mechanized loom but it was so fast that thread could not be spun fast enough to keep up with production The spinning jenny solved the problem of running out of thread

Effects of Mechanization As supply for cloth increased, the price for cotton cloth decreased. As a result demand increased and so did the need for raw cotton Raw cotton imports to England grew from 4 million pounds to 100 million pounds by 1815. Most of it came from the United States In 1793 {Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin- a machine that could clean cotton extremely fast- making the U.S. the cotton producing center of the world} As production soared so did the amount of slave labor used to plant and pick the cotton Thus the cotton gin inadvertently helped to expand slavery in the United States

Eli Whitney and his cotton gin

Steam Engines, Iron and Steel In order to utilize water power a factory had to be located on a river or near a dam or waterfall. A more portable and dependable power supply was found in steam In 1769, Scotsman James Watt studied and improved upon others ideas and inventions and patented the modern steam engine. More machines meant more iron was needed to build them as well as more coal to fuel the forges Then it was noticed that because iron could not withstand the high steam pressure steam engines were exploding It was found that steel, an iron alloy, was much stronger but it was more expensive to produce Henry Bessemer developed the {Bessemer process- injecting air into molten iron to remove impurities and to increase the temperature which prevented the metal from solidifying during the process. This made production of steel cheaper and more efficient}

The Bessemer Process

Other Industrialization The use of machines also spread to the industries of printing, papermaking, lumber and food processing, and making other machines Some now processes had important by-products It was found that gases released from coal were burned to give light. London used the knowledge to produce the first streetlights American Charles Goodyear discovered {vulcanization- a process to make rubber less sticky} The oil industry also came about when people discovered that crude oil could be used to make paraffin for candles, lubricating oil for machinery and kerosene for lighting and heating

Without vulcanization these would not be possible Without vulcanization these would not be possible. And that would be bad

Transportation & Communication Between the Middle Ages and the I.R. transportation remained the same: feet, horses and varieties of wagons The I.R. brought several innovations on transportation not only with new roads and canals but with passenger trains and Robert Fultons steamboat By the 1830’s steamboats were bringing people and goods across the Atlantic in half the time it normally took In the 1820’s Andre Ampere worked on the principles of harnessing the magnetic effects of electricity American {Samuel Morse put Ampere’s work to practical use by sending an electronic current through a wire causing a machine to click at the other end thus inventing Morse Code By 1844 Morse’s invention, the telegraph had become a practical, widely used device.} Telegraph wires soon stretched across continents and even oceans

The Spread of Industry It took other European countries a while to catch up to Great Britain In France in the 1800’s most workers were still farmers and peasants. The French Revolution also hindered industrialization Germany did not have a central government to aid industrial growth Other smaller countries simply did not have the money nor the resources to industrialize

Review Questions At the same time smaller lands were being combined into larger more productive plots what was this called? Jethro Tull had two inventions, what were they? What is planting different crops in the fields each year to build nutrients What followed the Agricultural Revolution Why did the industrial Revolution begin in Great Britain? Who invented the Telegraph?