BIO.B.2

 Only one strand of DNA is transcribed.  Complementary RNA nucleotides are added to the DNA strand. DNA RNA  A – U  G – C  T – A  C – G

 Each gene controls the making of a protein.  A gene is section of DNA that gives instructions for a specific protein to be made

 20 amino acids make up all proteins  Proteins are required for almost every reaction that occurs in your body!

 Codon - three bases in a row that determine the amino acid that is used to make a protein.

 Some codons do not represent amino acids, but instead act as stop signals (the end of a protein).  Note, one amino acid may have more than one codon.

 Begins when a ribosome attaches to a mRNA strand.  mRNA is used to make a specific protein (or polypeptide).

The Golden Age of Biology!

Gene Therapy Bioinformatics Stem Cell Research Cloning Bioremediation

Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs)

Genetic Testing Pharmacogenomics

 Normal AAT TAA TAG GAT TTT AAA  Mutation AAT TAG TAG GAT TTT AAA  The G was used instead of an A.

 Usually occurs as a result of an insertion or deletion  Normal TAC GCA TGG ATT  Insertion TAT CGC ATG GAT T  T was inserted after the A.

 THE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT  TEF ATC ATA TET HER AT  Just like this mutated sentence does not make sense, frameshift mutations make nonsense proteins that cannot do their jobs correctly.  DELETION of H

 Deletion – when part or all of a chromosome is lost  Duplication – when part of a chromosome is mistakenly repeated  Inversion – when part of a chromosome becomes oriented in reverse of its normal direction  Translocation – when one part of a chromosome breaks off and attaches to another nonhomologous (not the partner) chromosome

 Deletion  Duplication  Inversion  Translocation

 Mutagen – any agent that causes DNA to mutate  UV light  Radiation  Smoking  Many different chemicals  Mutations gone wild CatsCats

 Only some of your genes are being expressed (used to make protein) at any given time.  Your body needs mechanisms to “turn on” or “turn off” genes.  Chemicals can act as blocks or starters.  Some cancers are caused by genes being turned on that should not have been! For example, these genes can be turned on by smoking, which mutates DNA.

 Genetics – the study of heredity or passing on of genes  Gene – a sections of DNA that codes for a protein to be made  Allele – the form that a gene takes (ex. dominant or recessive)  Homozygous – having the same alleles for a trait

 Heterozygous – having different alleles for a trait  Dominant trait – an allele that is fully expressed in heterozygotes; represented by a capital letter  Recessive trait – an allele that is not observed in heterozygotes; represented by a lower case letter  Genotype – the combination of alleles (letters) that an organism has  Phenotype – the physical trait or visible characteristic determined by the genes

Pedigree :

Incomplete Dominance Crosses:

Codominance Crosses:

Multiple alleles crosses:

BLOOD TYPES GENOTYPES ANTIGENS (MARKERS) ANTI- BODIES (FIGHTERS) RECEIVE FROM? DONATE TO? TYPE A TYPE B TYPE AB TYPE O

Sex-linked Crosses: