House of Tudor

The Battle of Bosworth Henry VII becomes King The battle was fought between the armies of Richard III and Henry VII, who were distant relatives It was called the ‘War of the Roses’ because each side of the family was represented by a different coloured rose Richard’s army was larger but was nonetheless beaten Henry was crowned King after winning the battle His name was Henry Tudor and thus he was the first ‘Tudor’ King He bought peace to England after 85 years of civil war

Marriage In 1488-9, Henry VII negotiated the preliminary treaty of Medina del Campo with Spain which included the proposal that Arthur would be married to Catherine of Aragon, the young daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella, the famed monarchs. In 1496, further negotiations were conducted and it was agreed that Catherine, 16, would come to England in 1500, when Arthur was 14. Catherine did eventually arrive in October 1501.

Young Love After 16 years of negotiation and earlier proxy betrothals and marriages, the Spanish marriage for Arthur finally took place 14th November 1501 in old St. Paul's Cathedral in London. Although Henry VII had (and still has) a reputation for penny-pinching, this wedding was an occasion that he spared no expense. After the wedding, Arthur and Catherine went to Ludlow Castle on the border between England and Wales to set up their household.

Or Not… In March of 1502 Arthur fell ill, possibly of tuberculosis, the plague or the dreaded “sweating sickness” and died on April 2.

Take 2 Henry did not want to give up the rich dowry given to him from Spain, so he had his second son, much more robust and healthy than his dead older brother, take his place.

Young love…Take 2 14 months after her husband’s death, she was betrothed to her brother-in-law. Henry was too young to marry at the time When Henry VII died in 1509, one of the new king’s first acts was to marry Catherine.

Finally… She was finally crowned queen in a joint coronation ceremony with her new husband, Henry VIII on June 24, 1509

Shortly after the marriage, Catherine found herself pregnant!

But the first child was a stillborn daughter born premature in 1510 Henry’s not happy!

This disappointment was soon followed by another pregnancy!

Prince Henry was born on January 1, 1511 Henry was happy!

But the young prince died after 52 days Henry’s not happy!

Catherine then had a miscarriage, followed by a short-lived son In February of 1516 Catherine gave Birth to a daughter, Mary. The child lived But there was no male heir…

Henry’s still not happy! Henry's main aim was to make sure that the Tudors would keep on ruling England after he died. Henry feared a new civil war after his death (like the one his own father had won) He believed that only a boy could inherit his kingdom. Henry’s still not happy!

I spy an attractive lady – in-waiting called Anne Boleyn I spy an attractive lady – in-waiting called Anne Boleyn. If only I could marry her instead. Will the Pope give me a divorce? I need a son. I have been married for 20 years and my wife, Catherine of Aragon is too old to have any more children. Who will inherit my throne when I die? The Church is very rich. I need money for my luxurious court. If only I could get my hands on it. The new Protestant ideas are spreading in Germany. Princes there are reforming their churches and throwing out the Catholic Church. The Church takes money out my country in taxes to help build St Peter’s in Rome. What do I get in return? Some people in England like the new Protestant ideas. They believe that the Bible should be in English not Latin.

Who was Martin Luther? He could read Latin, Greek and Hebrew. Whilst comparing the Latin Catholic Bible with the original Greek & Hebrew he found that certain parts were incorrectly translated. Luther hung his research on the local Church door in Wittenburg in 1517. He disagreed with the Pope and began the protestant religion.

What did Martin Luther Believe? You Don’t have to go to Church to get your soul cleaned. The Church is wrong to sell indulgencies which buy time out of Purgatory. Read the Bible in your own language and not Latin. Its wrong to make an image of God. The Church is too rich.

What other changes took place in Protestant Churches?

Catherine of Aragon Born in Spain Had been married to Henry’s brother Arthur who died Married Henry in 1509 She had six children but only one survived – a daughter, Mary

Act of Supremacy of 1534 creates the Church of England After 20 years, he wanted to get a divorce, which was not permitted by the Catholic Church He told Cardinal Wolsey to ask the Pope for special permission, but he was refused Henry used this as a reason to create the ‘Church of England’, with himself as the ‘Supreme Head’ His first act was to divorce Catherine of Aragon

Anne Boleyn Born in England Had two children but only one survived, a daughter, Elizabeth Anne was arrested for being unfaithful to Henry Realistically, she could not produce a male heir She was beheaded Henry was engaged 24 hours later

Jane Seymour Born in England Jane was betrothed to Henry within 24 hrs of Anne’s death She had one child, a son, Edward Jane died two weeks after giving birth

Anne of Cleves Born in Germany A political union with a Protestant kingdom Henry had a painting of her but when he met her he thought she was ugly Referred to her as the “Flanders Mare” They married but did not live together They had no children Henry divorced her Did not want to get into a war Thought she was ugly

Catherine Howard Born in England She was the lady in waiting for Anne She was very attractive There were no children Henry heard rumours she was being unfaithful She was She was beheaded Buried next to her cousin Anne Boleyn

Catherine Parr Born in England She had been married twice before They had no children Henry married her to look after him in his old age She outlived him as Henry died in 1547

The Wives of Henry VIII Catherine Howard Anne Boleyn Catherine Parr Anne of Cleves Jane Seymour Catherine of Aragon

Edward VI Edward VI was the son of Henry VIII and Jane Seymour. He was nine years old when he became King, so his uncle, Duke of Northumberland, became his advisor. Like his father, Edward was a protestant and wanted England to remain a protestant country. Edward was very ill and he died at the age of 16. After his death, the Duke of Northumberland named Lady Jane Grey as the next Queen. Lady Jane Grey was Henry VII’s great-granddaughter. Edward’s sister Mary was not to become Queen because she was a Catholic. 1547 - 1553

Lady Jane Grey The Nine Day Queen Lady Jane Grey became Queen of England in 1553. She was a Protestant. She was only Queen for nine days because she was forced off the throne by Edward’s sister Mary. She was thrown into prison, refused to become Catholic, and then beheaded.

‘Bloody Mary’ Mary became Queen in 1553, having overseen the execution of Lady Jane Grey Her mother was Catherine of Aragon, Henry’s first wife. Like her mother, she was a staunch Catholic and set about making England Catholic once again She is called ‘Bloody Mary’ because of how she dealt with those who would not return to the Catholic Church She had over 300 protestants executed She made examples of many people by burning them in public She married the Catholic Prince Philip of Spain. They had no children. She died in 1559 and was followed by her sister, Elizabeth I. 30

The Virgin Queen Elizabeth was the daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn and was only 25 when she came to the throne She immediately reinstalled the Church of England to power She was determined to increase England’s power and strongly supported explorers like Drake and Raleigh in their efforts to increase England’s wealth She was successful and England became the most powerful nation in the world She swore never to marry and was hence known as the Virgin Queen 31

Defeating the Spanish Armada Phillip II, King of Spain, (Mary’s husband) wanted England to be a Catholic country again so decided to invade. He sent 131 ships with 33,000 soldiers, to attack England’s shores. Sir Francis Drake was made the head of the Navy and told by Elizabeth I, despite having only half their strength, to keep the Armada at bay He was successful for three reasons: He was a great tactician and out-thought his enemy Weather Poor planning by the Spanish 32

The end of the Tudor line As Elizabeth had no children, the crown passed on to the Stuart family In 1603 James I became king