October 15, 2002 Johnson & NcNeal 1 "Join Together: An Existing K-20 H323 Video Conferencing Network & An Emerging Internet2 Opportunity for Deaf Education"

Slides:



Advertisements
Similar presentations
Technology Use Plan Methacton School District Patty McGinnis ED TECH 501.
Advertisements

[Imagine School at North Port] Oral Exit Report Quality Assurance Review Team School Accreditation.
Year Three Report- Gally-Pacific Region Dee (sorry I cant be with you) Klein.
Preparing Tomorrows Teachers to Use Technology: Crossing the Realities Divide Status of Evaluation Donna M. Mertens Gallaudet University February 2001.
Topical Team 2.2 Academic Content and Content Best Practices October 25 and 27, 2004 Brenda Simmons, University of Tennessee.
H. Johnson1 Author: Dr. Harold Johnson, Kent State University To contact the author for permission to use this presentation, please
April 12, 2002H Johnson1 Deaf Education Preservice Teachers as Information Workers Harold A. Johnson Co-Director of the Deaf Ed. Catalyst Grant & Professor/Kent.
Join Together: A Virtual Professional Development School & Community of Learners for Deaf Education NSoD/SD – 10/19-03 Harold Johnson & Sharon Baker.
May 3, 2002H Johnson1 It Takes a Community of Colleagues to Maintain Balance Harold A. Johnson Co-Director of the Deaf Ed. Catalyst Grant & Professor/Kent.
Using H323 Videoconferencing Team Leaders: Thomas McNeal & Jorge Maldonado.
Beyond Survival: Technological Opportunities for Recognition, Resources & Research Harold Johnson/Kent State Univ. Joyce Daugaard/Univ. of Min. Sharon.
An Opportunity To Share…To Learn…& To Collaborate Harold Johnson/Professor – Kent State University Formally a Member of the Memphis City School – Deaf.
Personnel Preparation Through Collaboration: The Deaf Education Online Collaborative Network Harold Johnson/Professor – Kent State University February.
JOIN TOGETHER OBJECTIVE 1.2 & 2.3 FACULTY COMPETENCE WITH TECHNOLOGY & PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT MASTER TEACHER & PRE-SERVICE TEACHER TECHNOLOGY COMPETENCE.
Join Together Advisory Board Evaluation Team Report Donna Mertens Katrina Bledsoe Heidi Holmes Pauline Ginsburg ACE-DHH Conference Denver, Colorado February.
Highlighting Parent Involvement in Education
Information Session Project LEAD Fellowships for Teacher Leaders Eliza T. Dresang, Eliza Atkins Gleason Professor Nancy Everhart, Associate Professor School.
The Readiness Centers Initiative Early Education and Care Board Meeting Tuesday, May 11, 2010.
East Bay Conservation Corps Charter School Charter Renewal Presentation OUSD State Administrator Board of Education September 28, 2005.
Student Technology Leadership Program (STLP) Procedures to Follow as a Member of STLP!
© Scordias & Morris, 2005 Virtual Classroom Visits: Using Video Conferencing Technology to Enhance Teacher Education Dr. Margaret Scordias Pamela B. Morris,
Sponsors: Agenda: National landscape of K12 online learning Key trends and implications Key issues to consider when starting an online program Questions.
Southeast Regional Educause Conference, June 6, 2005 The Learning, Teaching and Innovative Technologies Center (LT&ITC): A Partnership to Support Faculty.
RURAL HEALTH NETWORK DEVELOPMENT PLANNING PROGRAM FUNDING OPPORTUNITY ANNOUNCEMENT HRSA PRE-REVIEW CONFERENCE CALL FEBRUARY 7, 2014 PRESENTER: AMBER.
Curriculum Maps Public Release: February 10, 2014
Dr. John D. Barge, State School Superintendent “Making Education Work for All Georgians” Title I, Part A Schoolwide and Targeted Assistance.
Quality Enhancements in After- School and Out-of-School Time (ASOST-Q) Competitive Grant (FC 530) Grant Information Webinars May 23 rd and 30 th, 2014.
University Programs -- Nuclear Engineering Education “The Road Ahead” John Gutteridge Director of University Programs Office of Nuclear Energy, Science.
World’s Largest Educational Community
Anticipated Grant Opportunities to Support Additional Time for Learning Grant Information Webinar March 14, :00 AM – 11:00 AM 2:00 PM – 3:00 PM.
The 10 Components of a Schoolwide Title I Program Presented by: Dr. Denise Ellis Director State and Federal Programs Dr. Ken Wagner Principal Rancho Mirage.
Presentation to the HKPR District Health Unit Board of Health September 18, 2014 Presented by Karen Pettinella Haliburton, Kawartha, Pine Ridge District.
1 PEN-International Deafness Workshops Planning Meeting March 27, 2002.
Finding the Right LINCS Beth Fredrick, Center for Literacy Studies
Project Graduation: The Digital Advantage Transformation Through Technology One to One Computing and Technology Integration Initiative.
1 GENERAL OVERVIEW. “…if this work is approached systematically and strategically, it has the potential to dramatically change how teachers think about.
Race to the Top Program Update January 30, State Funding 2.
Chapter 6 Exploring the World Wide Web in the Classroom.
Meeting SB 290 District Evaluation Requirements
H. Johnson1 Join Together: A Vision for the Future – A Difference for Us All.
Center for Educator Recruitment, Retention, & Advancement From Recruitment to Retention: A Continuum That Works!
Professional Development and Network Comparison by Julia Evans Lamar University EDLD 5362 Week 2.
The Integration of Embedded Librarians at Tuskegee University Juanita M. Roberts Director Library Services Ford Motor Company Library/Learning Resources.
Becoming a Teacher Ninth Edition Forrest W. Parkay Chapter 13 Becoming a Professional Teacher Parkay ISBN: © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education,
Technology Standards in Teacher Education Proficiencies and Assessment Ellen Hoffman Eastern Michigan University MDE Workshop October 10, 2003.
Reaching for Excellence in Middle and High School Science Teaching Partnership Cooperative Partners Tennessee Department of Education College of Arts and.
Department of Grants and District Initiatives 1 San Antonio Independent School District Department of Grants and District Initiatives The purpose of the.
Overview of Title I Part A Farwell ISD. The Intent of Title I Part A The intent is to help all children to have the opportunity to obtain a high quality.
Leveraging Resources Within the Institution and Region Sponsored by: National Council for Continuing Education & Training Presented by: Stephen B. Kinslow,
Enhancing Education Through Technology (Ed Tech) Title IID Competitive Grants Michigan Department of Education Information Briefing July 17 and.
NCATE Standard 3: Field Experiences & Clinical Practice Monica Y. Minor, NCATE Jeri A. Carroll, BOE Chair Professor, Wichita State University.
Orientation Winthrop University-School Partnership Network Orientation.
1 Classrooms as Learning Portals: Teachers & Students as Learners Harold Johnson Kent State University “Join Together” K20.
Overview of Title I Part A Prepared by: Title I Staff - Office of Superintendent of Instruction OSPI Dr. Bill Wadlington, Superintendent/Principal and.
Dallas Independent School District Technology Plan Ronald R. Pugh ET8011 May 15, 2011.
Promotions on the Clinician Educator Track Larry L. Swift, Ph.D. Vice Chair for Faculty Affairs Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology.
1 Using What we Know, Learning What we Need: A Community of Learners for Deaf Education May 1, 2008 State Leaders Summit – Great Falls, MT Harold Johnson/Professor.
Harold A. Johnson/Professor Michigan State University April 22, 2010 Video Conference Presentation Council Bluffs, Iowa “Tipping Point: An Alternative.
Project 3 Supporting Technology. Project Proposal.
NOVA Evaluation Report Presented by: Dr. Dennis Sunal.
OHIO HSTW and ASCD WEBSITES GOLD MINES FOR RESOURCES.
STEM Innovation Grant (RFA) Math in Real Life December 7, 2015.
December 3 rd, 2015 Director: Lindsey M. Swagerty – (479) Coordinator: Priscilla R. Wetzel – (479)
CSWE Overview This resource highlights key aspects of the mission of the Commission on Research and its goals for the next 5 years. It will then.
Research Opportunities in AMSP UK Mathematics Education Retreat October 15, 2005.
Teaching and Learning with Technology
NCATE Standard 3: Field Experiences & Clinical Practice
OceanFirst Foundation
Promotion on the Clinician Educator and Clinical Practice Tracks
Navigating Institutional Improvement and Accreditation
Presentation transcript:

October 15, 2002 Johnson & NcNeal 1 "Join Together: An Existing K-20 H323 Video Conferencing Network & An Emerging Internet2 Opportunity for Deaf Education" Presented by Harold Johnson & Tom McNeal

October 15, 2002Johnson & NcNeal2 Presentation Outline Essential Problems of Deafness & Deaf Education Essential Problems of Deafness & Deaf Education Proposed Solution Proposed Solution An Existing K-20 H323 Deaf Education Network… An Existing K-20 H323 Deaf Education Network… With Virtual Presentations from: With Virtual Presentations from: Ms. Vivan Smith/Teacher – Mississippi School for the Deaf, Jackson, MS Ms. Vivan Smith/Teacher – Mississippi School for the Deaf, Jackson, MS Ms. Cheryl Smith/Teacher – Todd Elementary School & Ms. Katharine Stephens-Slemenda/Professor – Converse College, Spartanburg, SC Ms. Cheryl Smith/Teacher – Todd Elementary School & Ms. Katharine Stephens-Slemenda/Professor – Converse College, Spartanburg, SC Dr. Sharon Baker/Professor – University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK Dr. Sharon Baker/Professor – University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK A Proposed Internet2 H323 Deaf Education Network A Proposed Internet2 H323 Deaf Education Network A Request & An Invitation A Request & An Invitation Q&A Q&A

October 15, 2002Johnson & NcNeal3 Essential Problems of Deafness & Deaf Education The primary problem of deafness… The primary problem of deafness… …is not too little hearing, but too much interpersonal and informational isolation. …is not too little hearing, but too much interpersonal and informational isolation. The primary problem of Deaf Education… The primary problem of Deaf Education… …is not a lack of information, innovation or effort, but rather a persistent and growing difficulty in achieving critical mass of individuals, knowledge and resources. …is not a lack of information, innovation or effort, but rather a persistent and growing difficulty in achieving critical mass of individuals, knowledge and resources. This problem is due to the fact that during the course of the last decade, a dramatic shift has occurred in the settings in which deaf/hard-of-hearing (d/hh) children and adults are educated. This problem is due to the fact that during the course of the last decade, a dramatic shift has occurred in the settings in which deaf/hard-of-hearing (d/hh) children and adults are educated.

October 15, 2002Johnson & NcNeal4 Proposed Solution Establish a seamless on-line community of learners that collaboratively… Establish a seamless on-line community of learners that collaboratively… …share information …share information …resources and …resources and …opportunities …opportunities for the common purpose of recognizing excellence and enhancing performance within Deaf Education. for the common purpose of recognizing excellence and enhancing performance within Deaf Education.

October 15, 2002Johnson & NcNeal5 An Existing K-20 H323 Deaf Ed. Network In June of 2000, a three year, $2.1 million PT3 ( Catalyst grant (Crossing the Realities Divide: Preservice Teachers as 'Change Agents' for the Field of Deaf Education") ( was awarded to the Association of College Educators – Deaf/Hard-of-Hearing (ACE-D/HH) ( In June of 2000, a three year, $2.1 million PT3 ( Catalyst grant (Crossing the Realities Divide: Preservice Teachers as 'Change Agents' for the Field of Deaf Education") ( was awarded to the Association of College Educators – Deaf/Hard-of-Hearing (ACE-D/HH) ( Note: Gallaudet Professor Dr. Donna Mertens serves as the Evaluator for this grant. Note: Gallaudet Professor Dr. Donna Mertens serves as the Evaluator for this grant. …your conference packet includes a poster and brochure from the ACE-D/HH grant. …your conference packet includes a poster and brochure from the ACE-D/HH grant.

October 15, 2002Johnson & NcNeal6 …Existing Network (cont.) The essential purpose of the Deaf Education Catalyst grant ( was to enhance the use of computer based, Internet linked technologies within the nations 70 Deaf Education teacher preparation programs. The essential purpose of the Deaf Education Catalyst grant ( was to enhance the use of computer based, Internet linked technologies within the nations 70 Deaf Education teacher preparation programs. This enhancement was designed to accomplish three essential goals: This enhancement was designed to accomplish three essential goals: To establish local, regional and national on-line collaborative networks of Deaf Education college professors, their preservice teaches, existing teaches and parents of d/hh students. To establish local, regional and national on-line collaborative networks of Deaf Education college professors, their preservice teaches, existing teaches and parents of d/hh students. To use the resulting networks to support and recognize the preparation of technologically proficient teaches of d/hh students. To use the resulting networks to support and recognize the preparation of technologically proficient teaches of d/hh students. To sustain the impact of the grant through the incorporation of ISTE technology standards for new teachers into the national standards for the preparation of teachers of the deaf via their acceptance by the Council on the Education of the Deaf (CED To sustain the impact of the grant through the incorporation of ISTE technology standards for new teachers into the national standards for the preparation of teachers of the deaf via their acceptance by the Council on the Education of the Deaf (CED

October 15, 2002Johnson & NcNeal7 …Existing Network (cont.) To date, following 28 months of work, the Deaf Education Catalyst grant has accomplished the following: To date, following 28 months of work, the Deaf Education Catalyst grant has accomplished the following: ISTE technology standards for new teachers have been informally accepted by the CED member organizations. ISTE technology standards for new teachers have been informally accepted by the CED member organizations. 158 full time, part-time and clinical Deaf Education teacher preparation program faculty/colleagues… 158 full time, part-time and clinical Deaf Education teacher preparation program faculty/colleagues… …from 60 different colleges/universities …from 60 different colleges/universities …in 34 of 35 possible states …in 34 of 35 possible states …have made 596 documented choices to enhance teaching and learning within their programs through the use of a specific range of technology based activities. …have made 596 documented choices to enhance teaching and learning within their programs through the use of a specific range of technology based activities. 2,390 Deaf Education preservice teachers have participated in grant related activities and 1,570 of those individuals have been judged by the faculty to have become technologically proficient. 2,390 Deaf Education preservice teachers have participated in grant related activities and 1,570 of those individuals have been judged by the faculty to have become technologically proficient. 7,900+ registrations have been made on the Deaf Education Web site ( since its onset on 2/1/01. 7,900+ registrations have been made on the Deaf Education Web site ( since its onset on 2/1/01.

October 15, 2002Johnson & NcNeal8 …Existing Network (cont.) Particularly noteworthy elements of the Deaf Education Web site ( are: Particularly noteworthy elements of the Deaf Education Web site ( are: 4,300+ of the registrants are parents of d/hh children; 4,300+ of the registrants are parents of d/hh children; 680+ deafness related jobs and 140+ resumes have been posted to the Web site; 680+ deafness related jobs and 140+ resumes have been posted to the Web site; The Best of the Web national competition for preservice teachers of d/hh students has been established The Best of the Web national competition for preservice teachers of d/hh students has been established A system of Cyber Mentors has been established A system of Cyber Mentors has been established A series of Topical Teams of Experts have been established… A series of Topical Teams of Experts have been established… Note: Gallaudet Professors Dr. Tom Jones & Dr. Marilyn Sass-Leher lead two of these topical teams Note: Gallaudet Professors Dr. Tom Jones & Dr. Marilyn Sass-Leher lead two of these topical teams A DeafWebNet search engine has been established A DeafWebNet search engine has been established A Virtual Professional Development Network is now being developed in FL, SC, OK and KY with more than 75 existing teachers of d/hh students who were specifically selected for their instructional and technological effectiveness… A Virtual Professional Development Network is now being developed in FL, SC, OK and KY with more than 75 existing teachers of d/hh students who were specifically selected for their instructional and technological effectiveness… Note: this network is investigating the use of NetTrecker ( for curricular enhancement and Lectora ( for on-line course development. Note: this network is investigating the use of NetTrecker ( for curricular enhancement and Lectora ( for on-line course development.

October 15, 2002Johnson & NcNeal9 …Existing Network (cont.) …particularly noteworthy elements (cont.) …particularly noteworthy elements (cont.) In collaboration with Dr. David Martin, a pilot investigation has been carried out concerning the use of H323 based video conferencing technologies to enhance collaborative activities within Deaf Education. In collaboration with Dr. David Martin, a pilot investigation has been carried out concerning the use of H323 based video conferencing technologies to enhance collaborative activities within Deaf Education. Within that pilot investigation, the Deaf Education PT3 Catalyst grant ( has purchased, distributed and provided technical assistance for the use of: Within that pilot investigation, the Deaf Education PT3 Catalyst grant ( has purchased, distributed and provided technical assistance for the use of: 54 Polycom ViaVideo systems, 54 Polycom ViaVideo systems, 4 Polycom ViewStations 128 systems & 4 Polycom ViewStations 128 systems & 1 Polycom FX ViewStation. 1 Polycom FX ViewStation. Note: ReviewVideo, Polycoms largest distributor, has established a special price list for Deaf Education. The systems are now being used by both deaf and hearing individuals in 21 states and the District of Columbia. The systems are now being used by both deaf and hearing individuals in 21 states and the District of Columbia. Note: the Deaf Ed. PT3 Catalyst grant has sufficient funds to provide a Polycom ViaVideo system to each full/part-time faculty member within the nations Deaf Education teacher preparation programs. Tom…..

October 15, 2002Johnson & NcNeal10 …Existing Network (cont.)

October 15, 2002Johnson & NcNeal11 …Existing Network (cont.) We will now use the existing H323 network to allow Deaf Education colleagues from around the nation to share with you how they are using this technology: We will now use the existing H323 network to allow Deaf Education colleagues from around the nation to share with you how they are using this technology: Ms. Vivan Smith/Teacher – Mississippi School for the Deaf, Jackson, MS Ms. Vivan Smith/Teacher – Mississippi School for the Deaf, Jackson, MS Ms. Cheryl Smith/Teacher – Todd Elementary School & Ms. Katharine Stephens- Slemenda/Professor – Converse College, Spartanburg, SC Ms. Cheryl Smith/Teacher – Todd Elementary School & Ms. Katharine Stephens- Slemenda/Professor – Converse College, Spartanburg, SC Dr. Sharon Baker/Professor – University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK Dr. Sharon Baker/Professor – University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK

October 15, 2002Johnson & NcNeal12 …Existing Network (cont.) Lessons Learned from existing H323 Network: Lessons Learned from existing H323 Network: Support of the Administration Support of the Administration Support of the Network Director Support of the Network Director Firewalls, NAT & Ridgeway Systems Firewalls, NAT & Ridgeway Systems Switch vs. Hubs Switch vs. Hubs T1,DSL,Cable T1,DSL,Cable Internet Congestion Internet Congestion Internet 2 Internet 2

October 15, 2002Johnson & NcNeal13 …Existing Network (cont.) Videoconferencing Cookbook Videoconferencing Cookbook Internet 2 Internet Polycom Polycom Ridgeway System Ridgeway System KSU DVC Project KSU DVC Project Deaf Education Web Site Deaf Education Web Site

October 15, 2002Johnson & NcNeal14 A Proposed Internet2, H323 Deaf Education Network To date, the PT3 Deaf Education Catalyst grant ( has established an extensive on-line community of learners for the nations 70 Deaf Education teacher preparation programs, faculty and preservice teachers. To date, the PT3 Deaf Education Catalyst grant ( has established an extensive on-line community of learners for the nations 70 Deaf Education teacher preparation programs, faculty and preservice teachers. The grant has also piloted the use of H323 technologies to enhance collaborative activities and the preparation of preservice teachers of d/hh students. The grant has also piloted the use of H323 technologies to enhance collaborative activities and the preparation of preservice teachers of d/hh students. The intent is now to expand the grants current on-line community of learners and H323 network to include the use of Internet2 with the entire Deaf Education community. The intent is now to expand the grants current on-line community of learners and H323 network to include the use of Internet2 with the entire Deaf Education community.

October 15, 2002Johnson & NcNeal15 …Proposed Network The projected, initial list of partners for the planned Internet2 Deaf Education community are as follows: The projected, initial list of partners for the planned Internet2 Deaf Education community are as follows: the nations 70 Deaf Education teacher preparation programs; the nations 70 Deaf Education teacher preparation programs; the nations state schools for the deaf; the nations state schools for the deaf; the five to ten largest K-12 public school programs serving d/hh students in each state; the five to ten largest K-12 public school programs serving d/hh students in each state; the major deafness related national organizations (i.e., AGBell, ASC-D/HH, ASDC, CAID, CEASD, CED, NAD, RID) the major deafness related national organizations (i.e., AGBell, ASC-D/HH, ASDC, CAID, CEASD, CED, NAD, RID) the major state, regional and national deafness related funded projects; and the major state, regional and national deafness related funded projects; and selected non-profit and for profit corporations. selected non-profit and for profit corporations.

October 15, 2002Johnson & NcNeal16 …Proposed Network The basis purpose of the proposed Internet2 network would be to recognize excellence and enhance performance throughout Deaf Education. The basis purpose of the proposed Internet2 network would be to recognize excellence and enhance performance throughout Deaf Education. More specifically, the proposed Internet2 Deaf Education network would be used to establish the following nation wide collaborative activities: More specifically, the proposed Internet2 Deaf Education network would be used to establish the following nation wide collaborative activities: Recruitment of ethnically diverse, male and female, deaf and hearing individuals to become teachers and support personnel for d/hh students. Recruitment of ethnically diverse, male and female, deaf and hearing individuals to become teachers and support personnel for d/hh students. Regionally based initial and emergency certification, plus, ongoing professional development opportunities for teachers and support personnel for d/hh students. Regionally based initial and emergency certification, plus, ongoing professional development opportunities for teachers and support personnel for d/hh students. A Virtual Professional Development Network for the field of Deaf Education. A Virtual Professional Development Network for the field of Deaf Education. A Virtual Learning Environment for d/hh students and adults. A Virtual Learning Environment for d/hh students and adults. A topically driven, Virtual Learning Community for Deaf Education. A topically driven, Virtual Learning Community for Deaf Education.

October 15, 2002Johnson & NcNeal17 …Proposed Network Summary… Summary… The primary problem of deafness is not too little hearing, but too much interpersonal and informational isolation. The primary problem of deafness is not too little hearing, but too much interpersonal and informational isolation. The Deaf Education PT3 Catalyst grant ( has developed an Internet based model, a Web based infrastructure and an initial on- line community of learners to address this isolation. The Deaf Education PT3 Catalyst grant ( has developed an Internet based model, a Web based infrastructure and an initial on- line community of learners to address this isolation. The proposed Deaf Education Internet2 initiative can demonstrate to the nation… The proposed Deaf Education Internet2 initiative can demonstrate to the nation… …how the innovative and efficient use of computer based, Internet linked technologies can be used to not only enhance teaching and learning, but to also… …how the innovative and efficient use of computer based, Internet linked technologies can be used to not only enhance teaching and learning, but to also… …enable the historically underserved population of d/hh individuals to achieve their academic and vocational potential. …enable the historically underserved population of d/hh individuals to achieve their academic and vocational potential.

October 15, 2002Johnson & NcNeal18 A Request & An Invitation A Request: A Request: Please share with us how you are now using the H323 technology. Please share with us how you are now using the H323 technology. Please share with us the problems that you have encountered and the solutions that have developed. Please share with us the problems that you have encountered and the solutions that have developed. We will develop a bulletin board on the Deaf Education Web Site ( so that the shared information can read by all. We will develop a bulletin board on the Deaf Education Web Site ( so that the shared information can read by all. We will also work with you to find common solutions to common problems. We will also work with you to find common solutions to common problems. An Invitation: An Invitation: Let us "Join Together to achieve the common goal of enhancing teaching and learning within Deaf Education. Let us "Join Together to achieve the common goal of enhancing teaching and learning within Deaf Education. Let us Join Together to lead the nation in a demonstration of how the effective and innovative use of computer based, Internet linked technologies can be used to establish a virtual community of learners. Let us Join Together to lead the nation in a demonstration of how the effective and innovative use of computer based, Internet linked technologies can be used to establish a virtual community of learners. Let us Join Together to reduce isolation and increase resources for us all. Let us Join Together to reduce isolation and increase resources for us all.

October 15, 2002Johnson & NcNeal19 Q&A What questions or comments would you like to share? What questions or comments would you like to share? Contact Information: Contact Information: Harold Johnson – [voice]: [tty] Harold Johnson – [voice]: [tty] Tom McNeal – Tom McNeal –

October 15, 2002Johnson & NcNeal20 Thank you for this opportunity to learn and share with you. We hope that this is only the first of many such opportunities we will have in the future.