Organic Molecules Biology 1

Organic Molecules… So we talked about atoms… We go up to the next level… –MOLECULES!!!!!

Organic Molecules Molecules from living things that contain carbon!! –Carbon possess four valence electrons

Three reasons carbon molecules are so complex… 1.The four valence electrons allow to form four bonds 2.Carbon can bond to other carbon as well as different atoms 3.Carbon can bond in many different positions creating different shaped molecules (which determine function)

Before you can understand the topics in this unit there are some key vocabulary terms you need to know. MacromoleculePolymerMonomer

What do these words mean?

So What Is A Macromolecule? A macromolecule is a very large molecule commonly created by some form of polymerization.molecule polymerization

A monomer is an atom or a small molecule that may bind chemically to other monomers to form a polymeratom moleculebind polymer

Next Word…..

Polygons Polygamy Polyester

What does Polymer mean?

A polymer is a large molecule (macromolecule) composed of repeating structural unitsmoleculemacromoleculestructural units

Three out of the 4 types of biochemical macromolecules can be found on food nutrition labels…

Keep the following in mind when studying this material: Nucleic AcidsWhat they look like CarbohydratesWhat they do/Where are they LipidsWhat are they made up of- at the level of atoms Proteins

Look at the label to the left. 3 of the 4 macromolecules can be found in foods. The 3 biochemical molecules found on a nutrition label are: 1____________________ 2____________________ 3____________________ (0 grams in this product) (13 grams in this product) (9 grams in this product)

The 4th type of biochemical macromolecules are the NUCLEIC ACIDS The types of Nucleic Acids –DNA (DeoxyriboNucleic Acid) –RNA (RiboNucleic Acid)

“DNA” is short for DeoxyriboNucleic Acid Now you know why they just call it DNA!

When studying these biochemical molecules, we are interested in finding out….. what they do for living things. what they generally look like. what their monomers are. and how they may help the body gain energy to sustain life.

Lets Begin with LIPIDS! They are a great source of STORED ENERGY so we have it in the future. They INSULATE the body to maintain normal body temperature and they CUSHION the internal organs for protection. They produce hormones for the body called STERIODS They waterproof surfaces of animals,plants, and fruits- these are waxes! THINK: Waterproof, insulate, steriods, energy, cushion… “WISE C”

LIPIPS…Some interesting info Fruits produce a waxy coating to keep from drying out. The cells in a tulip make a wax which helps coat the leaves. Ear wax traps dust, sand, and other foreign particles from going deeper into the ear and causing damage. Beeswax- a structural material to hold honey in the hive

LIPIPS…Some interesting info There are many different types of steroids. They are all lipids. Their functions vary. Some common steroids are: SEX STEROIDS ANABOLIC STERIODS CHOLESTEROL Like testosterone and estrogen They increase muscle

LIPIPS…Some interesting info Some anabolic steroids are illegal And can be dangerous and very unhealthy NATURAL STERIODS IN OUR BODY INCREASE MUSCLE GROWTH AND BONE DEVELOPMENT AND ARE GOOD. THE ILLEGAL ONES THAT ARE SYNTHETIC ARE BAD.

Very Common Effects of Illegal Steroids If used when the person is still growing, they will be shorter as an adult, anabolic steroids will decrease bone growth. Males will experience shrinking of the testicles, and with prolonged use, the steroid will be turned into estrogen in the male body and it will start to lay fatty tissue on the chest, otherwise known as breasts. If genetically predisposed to becoming bald, balding will happen more quickly. If clean needles are not readily available, there is a significantly higher risk of getting AIDS. Future risks of liver cancer & disease. Enlarged heart which can lead to death

Illegal Steroid Use in Women Some additional effects… Breasts will decrease in size, the opposite of what happens to men. The woman will start to grow facial hair, how quickly depends on her genetic makeup. If she discontinues use, the facial hair will still continue to grow. If she is genetically predisposed to balding, she will start to lose her hair, just as if she was genetically male. Her voice will start to deepen, how quickly depends on her genetics. If she discontinues use, her voice will remain deep.

LIPIDS In plants- in the seedsIn plants- in the seeds In animals- in adipose tissue, connective tissue, in animalsIn animals- in adipose tissue, connective tissue, in animals Lipids make up the cell membrane of all cells.Lipids make up the cell membrane of all cells.

LIPIDS

Lipids are chains (polymers) made of monomers. The most common monomer of lipids is…

The Shape of a triglyceride is like the letter E This is a triglyceride molecule

Saturated Fatty Acids have no double bonds and are saturated with hydrogen. Unsaturated Fatty Acids have double bonds.

LIPIDS Each lipid is made up of… THINK: “CHO”

OH NO CHO! Lipids like Carbs? You might have noticed that both carbohydrates and lipids have the elements Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen. “CHO” A carbohydrate, has twice as many hydrogen atoms as the number of oxygen atoms. EX: C 6 H 12 O 6 (This is a carb= there are double the number of H compared to O) On the other hand, lipids have a lot more than twice the amount hydrogen atoms as the number of oxygen atoms. EX: C 27 H 46 O cholesterol

CARBOHYDRATES They are the main source for the body to gain energy. They are our fuel! They make up the cell wall in plants which allow them to grow tall, without this carbohydrate, a plant would be a mushy mess! This type of carbohydrate is called Cellulose. THINK: CARBS= ENERGY and CELL WALLS

CARBOHYDRATES In plant foods- in the cell walls of plants --- in fruits, vegetables, peas, beans, SUGAR comes from a plant and so does FLOUR! (pasta, potatoes, bread, candy, cookies)In plant foods- in the cell walls of plants --- in fruits, vegetables, peas, beans, SUGAR comes from a plant and so does FLOUR! (pasta, potatoes, bread, candy, cookies) In animal products- in MILKIn animal products- in MILK

CARBOHYDRATES THERE ARE 2 TYPES OF CARBOHYDRATES Simple Complex

CARBOHYDRATES Carbohydrates are chains (polymers) made of monomers. The most common monomer of carbohydrates is…

The shape of Glucose is a hexagonal ring

CARBOHYDRATES Each carbohydrate is made up of… THINK: “CHO”

NOW ONTO PROTEINS They are the major structural molecules in living things for growth and repair : muscles, ligaments, tendons, bones, hair, skin, nails…IN FACT ALL CELL MEMBRANES have protein in them They make up antibodies in the immune system They make up enzymes for helping chemical reactions They makeup non-steriod hormones which THINK: Proteins= membranes, enzymes, antibodies, non- steriod hormones, structural molecules, “MEANS”

MORE ON PROTEINS… The following slides give you a little more in depth info on things that are made of proteins…

Muscles, ligaments, tendons, and bones Without these particular structural proteins, we would look more like this….

Well, maybe not exactly…

Hair, Skin, and Nails

Microscope View of Skin and Nails This is skinThis is a nail

Cell Membrane The cell membrane surrounds everything in a cell so it doesn’t leak out. It is kind of like the balloon in a water balloon. The cell membrane is made mostly of protein AND lipids.

Antibodies are part of the immune system. When something enters the body that isn’t supposed to be there, like certain bacteria, antibodies find the invader and stick themselves onto it. When a white blood cell finds the invader covered with antibodies, it knows it doesn’t belong there and kills it.

Enzymes are proteins that speed up chemical reactions. If you didn’t have enzymes in your stomach to speed up digestion, the food would rot in your stomach because it would take so long!

Hormones are chemicals made in glands that are in one place in the body and then put into the blood to be used in another. These are where the hormone producing glands are located in your body.

The thyroid is found in the middle of your neck, by your voice box. Here is a picture of those cells secreting the thyroid hormone. Thyroid hormone regulates how fast your body uses energy. If you have an over active thyroid, you use energy quickly and tend to be very thin and have a hard time putting on weight. If you have an under active thyroid gland, you use energy very slowly and tend to carry more body fat and have a difficult time losing it. Don’t be quick to think you have a thyroid problem if you are overweight, chances are it’s actually your eating and exercise habits! (The yellow stuff is thyroid hormone)

PROTEINS In plant foods- in the cell membranesIn plant foods- in the cell membranes In animal products- in the cell membranes- in the muscles or living things- cows, chicken, fish…In animal products- in the cell membranes- in the muscles or living things- cows, chicken, fish…

Proteins

Aside from the protein found in animal sources…protein can also be found in fruits, vegetables, grains, and nuts. (it just does not have as many amino acids)

PROTEINS Proteins are made of long chains (polymers) made of monomers. All proteins are made of the monomer…

The shapes of proteins are like a balled up piece of string Amino Acid chain All wound up

PROTEINS Each protein is made up of… THINK: “CHONS”

FINALLY- NUCLEIC ACIDS

NUCLEIC ACIDS THERE ARE 2 TYPES OF NUCLEIC ACIDS DNA RNA

Nucleic Acids 1)DNA Is our genetic material. Chromosomes are made of DNA. Chromosomes contain the “recipes” to make proteins for your body. 2)RNA Reads the DNA “protein recipes” and makes the proteins for your body.

NUCLEIC ACIDS In plants- inside the nucleus of the cellsIn plants- inside the nucleus of the cells In animals- inside the nucleus of each cellIn animals- inside the nucleus of each cell

NUCLEIC ACIDS

Nucleic Acids are chains (polymers) made of monomers. Nucleic acids are made up of Which are nitrogen bases…something we will learn more about when we study DNA

The shape of a nucleic acid is:

Nucleic Acids Each nucleic acid is made up of… THINK: “PONCH”

ENERGY Three of the BIG 4 provide us with energy through the food we eat: BIG 4 MACROMOLECULES Number of Calories it provides Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids Nucleic Acids

ENERGY Energy that is gained by consuming food is called a

Energy that we gain by the consumption of food is measured in Calories. If you drink a glass of skim milk, you will get a gain of 90 Calories of energy for your body.

Energy Gained From Carbohydrates Eating 1 gram of carbohydrate provides your body with 4 Calories.

ENERGY So… BIG 4 MACROMOLECULES Number of Calories it provides Carbohydrates4 Proteins4 Lipids9 Nucleic Acids0 TEST: TEST: Are you smart? If you eat a sandwhich with 46 grams of carbs and 24 grams of protein and 10 grams of fat, how much energy will you gain?

The Making and Breaking of Organic Molecules Dehydration Synthesis: the process of making a larger molecule from 2 or more small molecules/monomers –One monomer loses a hydrogen ion (H+) and another loses a hydroxide (OH-)

The Making and Breaking of Organic Molecules –The loss of H+ and OH- (H2O) makes valence electrons available for bonds to form –As a result of dehydration synthesis, the monomers lose or give off energy

The Making and Breaking of Organic Molecules –Also known as a dehydration reaction

The process of making 2 or more smaller molecules from a larger molecule One product with gain a hydrogen (H+) and the other gains a hydroxide ion (OH-)

As a result of hydration synthesis monomers gain or store energy. Also referred to as a hydrolysis reaction –Water is added

What elements are found in all of the Big 4 molecules? Which of the Big 4 has different elements and what are they? Since Carbohydrates and Lipids have the same elements in them, how can you tell the difference? Would C 26 H 32 O 5 be a carbohydrate or lipid? Which molecule is in the shape of a hexagon? Which molecule is in the shape of an E? A polymer of amino acids makes what molecule?

What kind of carbohydrate gives you a quick burst of energy? What kind of carbohydrate gives you long term energy? You are stranded on a desert island and have found a box of food. Considering you have almost nothing to eat on the island, which of the following would be the best food to have in the box? WHY? –Crackers –Butter –Steak How many Calories are found in 1 gram of protein? How many Calories are in 1 gram of nucleic acid?

Final Review Questions Please do not look back at the information in your handout until you have answered all of the following questions. 1. What are 2 examples of simple sugars and 2 examples of complex carbohydrates not mentioned already? 2. What is a polymer? 3. What is a monomer? 4. Carbohydrates are the body’s main source of ________________. 5. Define in your own words: Biochemical Macromolecule 6. Proteins are major structural molecules in living things. List 5 places or things in your body that contain a lot of protein. 7. What are enzymes? What are they made of? 8. What are hormones? 9. What does your thyroid hormone do? 10. Name three types of proteins. 11. What are the functions of lipids? 12. What elements are found in each of the Big 4 molecules? 13. What does DNA do? RNA? 14. How many Calories are found in 1 gram of each of the Big 4 molecules? 15. What are 5 possible effects of illegal steroid use? 16. What are 3 functions of lipids? 17. What is the function of waxes? 18. What are 2 ways simple sugars are different from complex carbohydrates? 19. What are 4 organic macromolecules?

End Show Slide 84 of 34 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 2–4 Chemical Reactions and Enzymes

End Show 2–4 Chemical Reactions and Enzymes Slide 85 of 34 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Chemical Reactions A chemical reaction is a process that changes one set of chemicals into another set of chemicals.

End Show 2–4 Chemical Reactions and Enzymes Slide 86 of 34 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Chemical Reactions Some chemical reactions occur slowly, such as the combination of iron and oxygen to form an iron oxide called rust. Other reactions occur quickly. For example, when hydrogen gas is ignited in the presence of oxygen, the reaction is rapid and explosive.

End Show 2–4 Chemical Reactions and Enzymes Slide 87 of 34 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Chemical Reactions The elements or compounds that enter into a chemical reaction are known as reactants. The elements or compounds produced by a chemical reaction are known as products.

End Show 2–4 Chemical Reactions and Enzymes Slide 88 of 34 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Chemical Reactions What happens to chemical bonds during chemical reactions?

End Show 2–4 Chemical Reactions and Enzymes Slide 89 of 34 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Chemical Reactions Chemical reactions always involve changes in the chemical bonds that join atoms in compounds.

End Show 2–4 Chemical Reactions and Enzymes Slide 90 of 34 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Energy in Reactions Energy is released or absorbed whenever chemical bonds form or are broken. Because chemical reactions involve breaking and forming bonds, they involve changes in energy.

End Show 2–4 Chemical Reactions and Enzymes Slide 91 of 34 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Energy in Reactions How do energy changes affect whether a chemical reaction will occur?

End Show 2–4 Chemical Reactions and Enzymes Slide 92 of 34 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Energy in Reactions Energy Changes Chemical reactions that release energy often occur spontaneously. Chemical reactions that absorb energy will not occur without a source of energy.

End Show 2–4 Chemical Reactions and Enzymes Slide 93 of 34 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Energy in Reactions When hydrogen gas reacts with oxygen to produce water vapor, it is an energy-releasing reaction in which energy is given off as heat. 2H 2 + O 2 2H 2 O Reversing this reaction would require the addition of large amounts of energy.

End Show 2–4 Chemical Reactions and Enzymes Slide 94 of 34 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Energy in Reactions In order to stay alive, organisms need to carry out reactions that require energy. Because matter and energy are conserved in chemical reactions, every organism must have a source of energy to carry out chemical reactions. Plants get their energy from the sun. Animals get their energy from eating plants or other animals.

End Show 2–4 Chemical Reactions and Enzymes Slide 95 of 34 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Energy in Reactions Activation Energy Chemical reactions that release energy do not always occur spontaneously. Chemists call the energy that is needed to get a reaction started the activation energy.

End Show 2–4 Chemical Reactions and Enzymes Slide 96 of 34 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Energy in Reactions Activation energy is a factor in whether the overall chemical reaction releases energy or absorbs energy.

End Show 2–4 Chemical Reactions and Enzymes Slide 97 of 34 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Enzymes Some chemical reactions that make life possible are too slow or have activation energies that are too high to make them practical for living tissue. These chemical reactions are made possible by catalysts.

End Show 2–4 Chemical Reactions and Enzymes Slide 98 of 34 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Enzymes A catalyst is a substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction. Catalysts work by lowering a reaction's activation energy.

End Show 2–4 Chemical Reactions and Enzymes Slide 99 of 34 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Enzymes Why are enzymes important to living things?

End Show 2–4 Chemical Reactions and Enzymes Slide 100 of 34 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Enzymes Enzymes are proteins that act as biological catalysts. Enzymes speed up chemical reactions that take place in cells. Enzymes act by lowering the activation energy.

End Show 2–4 Chemical Reactions and Enzymes Slide 101 of 34 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Enzymes Lowering the activation energy has a dramatic effect on how quickly the reaction is completed.

End Show 2–4 Chemical Reactions and Enzymes Slide 102 of 34 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Enzymes Enzymes are very specific, generally catalyzing only one chemical reaction. For this reason, part of an enzyme’s name is usually derived from the reaction it catalyzes.

End Show 2–4 Chemical Reactions and Enzymes Slide 103 of 34 Lactase - breaks down lactose (milk sugars) Diastase - digests vegetable starch Sucrase - digests complex sugars and starches Maltase - digests disaccharides to monosaccharides (malt sugars) Invertase - breaks down sucrose (table sugar) Glucoamylase - breaks down starch to glucose Alpha-glactosidase - facilitates digestion of beans, legumes, seeds, roots, soy products, and underground stem Proteases - breaks down proteins found in meats, nuts, eggs, and cheese Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

End Show 2–4 Chemical Reactions and Enzymes Slide 104 of 34 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Enzyme Action For a chemical reaction to take place, the reactants must collide with enough energy so that existing bonds will be broken and new bonds will be formed. If reactants do not have enough energy, no reaction will take place.

End Show 2–4 Chemical Reactions and Enzymes Slide 105 of 34 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Enzyme Action The Enzyme-Substrate Complex Enzymes provide a site where reactants can be brought together to react, reducing the energy needed for reaction. The reactants of enzyme-catalyzed reactions are known as substrates.

End Show 2–4 Chemical Reactions and Enzymes Slide 106 of 34 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Enzyme Action The substrates glucose and ATP bind to the active site on the enzyme, hexokinase, forming an enzyme-substrate complex. The fit is so precise that the active site and substrates are often compared to a lock and key.

End Show 2–4 Chemical Reactions and Enzymes Slide 107 of 34 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Enzyme Action The enzyme and substrates remain bound together until the reaction is done and the substrates are converted to products. The products of the reaction are released and the enzyme is free to start the process again.

End Show 2–4 Chemical Reactions and Enzymes Slide 108 of 34 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Enzyme Action An Enzyme-Catalyzed Reaction

End Show 2–4 Chemical Reactions and Enzymes Slide 109 of 34 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Enzyme Action Regulation of Enzyme Activity Enzymes can be affected by any variable that influences a chemical reaction. Enzymes work best at certain pH values. Many enzymes are affected by changes in temperature.

End Show 2–4 Chemical Reactions and Enzymes Slide 110 of 34 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Enzymes Cells can regulate the activities of enzymes. Most cells contain proteins that help to turn key enzymes “on” and “off” at critical stages in the life of the cell.

End Show 2–4 Chemical Reactions and Enzymes Slide 111 of 34 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Enzymes Enzymes play essential roles in: regulating chemical pathways. making material that cells need. releasing energy. transferring information.