BIOCHEMISTRY The chemistry of life

ORGANIC COMPOUND Contains CARBON and HYDROGEN Contains CARBON and HYDROGEN Ex. C 6 H 12 O 6 is GLUCOSE Ex. C 6 H 12 O 6 is GLUCOSE

INORGANIC COMPOUND Does NOT contain carbon and hydrogen together. Does NOT contain carbon and hydrogen together. Examples Examples H 2 O = water H 2 O = water CO 2 = carbon dioxide CO 2 = carbon dioxide

ATOMS One of the simplest units of matter One of the simplest units of matter Made of: Made of: Protons-have a positive charge (+) Protons-have a positive charge (+) Electrons-have a negative charge (-) Electrons-have a negative charge (-) Neutrons-have NO charge (0) Neutrons-have NO charge (0)

ELEMENT Made of one kind of atom Made of one kind of atom Examples: Examples: C = Carbon C = Carbon H = Hydrogen H = Hydrogen O = Oxygen O = Oxygen N = Nitrogen N = Nitrogen

COMPOUND Two or more atoms are chemically combined and held together by bonds. Two or more atoms are chemically combined and held together by bonds.

FOUR GROUPS OF ORGANIC MOLECULES Carbohydrates Carbohydrates Proteins Proteins Lipids Lipids Nucleic Acids Nucleic Acids All organic molecules are made of C,H,O,N All organic molecules are made of C,H,O,N

CARBOHYDRATES Examples Examples Bread Bread Candy Candy Brownies Brownies Pasta Pasta Rice Rice Beans Beans All carbohydrates are made of sugars. (C,H,O) All carbohydrates are made of sugars. (C,H,O)

CARBOHYDRATES 3 different types of carbohydrates 3 different types of carbohydrates Monosaccharide Monosaccharide Disaccharides Disaccharides Polysaccharides Polysaccharides

CARBOHYDRATES Monosaccharides Monosaccharides Made of one sugar Made of one sugar End in –ose End in –ose Source of energy Source of energy Has chemical formula C 6 H 12 O 6 Has chemical formula C 6 H 12 O 6 Ratio of H to O is 2:1 Ratio of H to O is 2:1 Examples: Examples: Glucose Glucose Fructose Fructose Maltose Maltose Lactose Lactose

CARBOHYDRATES Disaccharide Disaccharide End in –ose End in –ose Ratio of H to O is 2:1 Ratio of H to O is 2:1 Consist of 2 sugar molecules Consist of 2 sugar molecules Example: Example: sucrose sucrose

CARBOHYDRATES Polysaccharides Polysaccharides 3 or more sugars combined 3 or more sugars combined Complex structure Complex structure Examples Examples Cellulose Cellulose Starches Starches

HOW ARE MOLECULES COMBINED? Dehydration Synthesis Dehydration Synthesis The process by which molecules are joined together by removing water. The process by which molecules are joined together by removing water.

HOW ARE COMPOUNDS BROKEN DOWN? Hydrolysis Hydrolysis The process by which compounds are separated from each other by adding water. The process by which compounds are separated from each other by adding water.

PROTEINS Made of Amino Acids Made of Amino Acids Always contain C,H,O, N Always contain C,H,O, N All structures in an organism are made of proteins. All structures in an organism are made of proteins. Proteins make up: Proteins make up: Enzymes Enzymes Muscle Tissue Muscle Tissue Blood Cells Blood Cells Cell Growth and Repair Cell Growth and Repair Hormones Hormones

PROTEINS Amino Acids are bonded together with peptide bonds. Amino Acids are bonded together with peptide bonds. 3 Different types 3 Different types Monopeptide (1 Amino Acid) Monopeptide (1 Amino Acid) Dipeptide (2 Amino Acids) Dipeptide (2 Amino Acids) Polypeptide (3 Amino Acids) Polypeptide (3 Amino Acids)

AMINO ACID STRUCTURE Amino Acids are made of 3 parts: Amino Acids are made of 3 parts: An amino group An amino group A carboxyl group A carboxyl group An R side chain An R side chain

Amino Acids There are 20 types of amino acids There are 20 types of amino acids 8 of them are essential 8 of them are essential Ex. Tryptophan, Alanine, Arginine, Proline, Serine Ex. Tryptophan, Alanine, Arginine, Proline, Serine

DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS OF 2 AMINO ACIDS

HYDROLYSIS OF A PROTEIN

LIPIDS Also called fats, oils and waxes Also called fats, oils and waxes Organic (made of C, H, O) Organic (made of C, H, O) No ratio of H to O No ratio of H to O Found in all living things Found in all living things Used for Used for energy storage energy storage source of energy source of energy insulation insulation Protection Protection sub-structure of cell membrane sub-structure of cell membrane

LIPIDS Lipids are made of two parts: Lipids are made of two parts: Glycerol Glycerol 3 Fatty Acids 3 Fatty Acids

LIPIDS Two types of fatty acids Two types of fatty acids Saturated Saturated Fats that are NOT double bonded and are solid at room temperature Fats that are NOT double bonded and are solid at room temperature Ex. Butter, bacon grease, Crisco, cheese Ex. Butter, bacon grease, Crisco, cheese Unsaturated Unsaturated Fats that are double bonded. Fats that are double bonded. Ex. Olive oil, Canola Oil Ex. Olive oil, Canola Oil

LIPIDS In a typical lipid molecule, there are carboxyl groups In a typical lipid molecule, there are carboxyl groups

NUCLEIC ACIDS DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) Contains genetic information (heredity) Contains genetic information (heredity) Controls cellular activities Controls cellular activities Found in all living things Found in all living things It is organic (C, H, O, N, P) It is organic (C, H, O, N, P)

NUCLEIC ACIDS DNA is made of units called nucleotides DNA is made of units called nucleotides Nucleotides consist of: Nucleotides consist of: A phosphate group A phosphate group A monosaccharide (ribose) A monosaccharide (ribose) A nitrogenous base (A, T, G, or C) A nitrogenous base (A, T, G, or C)

A NUCLEOTIDE

DNA Double helix Double helix Bases: Bases: Adenine (A) Adenine (A) Thymine (T) Thymine (T) Guanine (G) Guanine (G) Cytosine (C) Cytosine (C) DNA bases are bonded using hydrogen bonds DNA bases are bonded using hydrogen bonds

RNA Carries genetic information from the nucleus to the ribosomes, for protein synthesis Carries genetic information from the nucleus to the ribosomes, for protein synthesis Single stranded (NOT double helix) Single stranded (NOT double helix) Smaller than DNA Smaller than DNA

RNA Made of nucleotides Made of nucleotides Contains sugar, phosphate group and 1 base Contains sugar, phosphate group and 1 base Bases in RNA: Bases in RNA: Adenine (A) Adenine (A) Uracil (U) Uracil (U) Guanine (G) Guanine (G) Cytosine (C) Cytosine (C)

ENZYMES Made of proteins Made of proteins Contain: ____ _____ _____ _____ Contain: ____ _____ _____ _____ Enzymes are organic catalysts Enzymes are organic catalysts Catalysts are chemicals that help chemical reactions occur Catalysts are chemicals that help chemical reactions occur Enzymes remain the same during a chemical reaction Enzymes remain the same during a chemical reaction Always end in –ase Always end in –ase Ex. Lipase, Protease, Glucase, Lactase Ex. Lipase, Protease, Glucase, Lactase

ENZYMES Lock-and-Key Model Lock-and-Key Model

ENZYMES In the Lock and Key Model, enzymes must fit their substrate (enzymes are “ specific ” ) In the Lock and Key Model, enzymes must fit their substrate (enzymes are “ specific ” )

ENZYMES Each enzyme can work on only one specific substrate Each enzyme can work on only one specific substrate Ex. Ex. Lipase works only on __________ Lipase works only on __________ Sucrase works only on ____________ Sucrase works only on ____________ Protease works only on ____________ Protease works only on ____________ __________ works only on fructose __________ works only on fructose

ENZYMES Enzymes help perform dehydration synthesis Enzymes help perform dehydration synthesis

ENZYMES Enzymes help perform hydrolysis Enzymes help perform hydrolysis

ENZYMES Re-draw and label each part of the picture Re-draw and label each part of the picture

ENZYMES Enzymes are effected by the following factors: Enzymes are effected by the following factors: Temperature Temperature pH pH Concentration of enzyme Concentration of enzyme Concentration of substrate Concentration of substrate

ENZYMES Temperature Temperature Enzymes work best at an optimum temperature Enzymes work best at an optimum temperature Optimum temperature for human enzymes is ______, C or _________, F Optimum temperature for human enzymes is ______, C or _________, F Enzyme activity is slower as temperature gets too cold or too hot Enzyme activity is slower as temperature gets too cold or too hot

ENZYMES Temperature Temperature

ENZYMES At high temperatures, enzymes will lose their shape At high temperatures, enzymes will lose their shape They denature They denature Misshapen enzymes no longer fit in the Lock and Key Model, so chemical reactions do not take place Misshapen enzymes no longer fit in the Lock and Key Model, so chemical reactions do not take place

ENZYMES pH pH Enzymes rate of reaction is effected by the amount of acid or base in an environment Enzymes rate of reaction is effected by the amount of acid or base in an environment

ENZYMES pH pH

ENZYMES Optimum pH for two different enzymes Optimum pH for two different enzymes

ENZYMES Concentration Concentration Increasing the concentration (amount) of an enzyme or substrate, will only increase the rate of reaction, to a point Increasing the concentration (amount) of an enzyme or substrate, will only increase the rate of reaction, to a point

ENZYMES Co-enzymes Co-enzymes Enzymes work with co-enzymes to speed up the rate of reactions. Enzymes work with co-enzymes to speed up the rate of reactions. Ex. vitamins Ex. vitamins