Biochemistry Chapter 4 (with some extra stuff from 1,2 and 3)

Write a short story (creatively) using the following terms.  Protein  Carbohydrate  Hydrolysis  Lipid  Enzyme  Active site  DO NOT LOOK UP THE DEFINITIONS!!!

Terms 1. organic compound 2. polymer 3. monomer 4. carbohydrate 5. monosaccharide 6. dehydration synthesis 7. hydrolysis 8. lipid 9. glycerol 10. fatty acid 11. protein 12. amino acid 13. enzyme 14. substrate 15. active site

Please Do Now You have all heard the statement, “You are what you eat”. In 5 lines or more, explain what this statement means.

Types of compounds  Organic Compounds –Carbon containing compounds except CO 2 (carbon dioxide)  4 types of Bio-organic compounds –Carbohydrates –Lipids –Proteins –Nucleic acids  Inorganic Compounds –Compounds that do not contain carbon (except for CO 2 )

Organic Compounds  All organic compounds are polymers. –Polymers are long or large molecules made up of small units called monomers. –When we study each group of bioorganic molecules, we will look at their monomer forms. –Monomers are small compounds that join together to form larger chemicals.

Chemical Reactions (organic compounds)  HYDROLYSIS –Digestion reactions –Chemical reaction where a large molecule is broken down to form smaller ones with the use of a molecule of water  AB + H 2 O  A + B  DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS –Builds body parts –Chemical reaction where two small molecules are joined together to form a larger molecule with the release of water  A+B  AB + H 2 O A+B  AB + H 2 O

Carbohydrates  Contain Carbon(C), Hydrogen(H) and Oxygen(O)  The H and O are in a 2:1 ratio  Monomers of carbohydrates are monosaccharides- or simple sugars –Examples of monosaccharides are (C 6 H 12 O 6 ) Glucose Fructose Galactose –All monosaccharides have the same molecular formula but different structures.

Carbohydrates  Examples of common carbohydrates –Breads –Pasta –Rice –Potatoes –Crackers –Cereal

Monosaccharides Glucose Galactose Fructose

Carbohydrates  Examples of disaccharides formed from dehydration synthesis of monosaccharides –Maltose: malt sugar –Lactose: milk sugar –Sucrose: table sugar  Polysaccharides – long chains of monosaccharides –Way organisms store excess sugar Starch and cellulose(wood)= plants Glycogen= animals

Dehydration Synthesis Carbohydrates

Lipids  Contain C, H and O with  NO 2:1 ratio of H :O  Fats- Solid, produced by animals, saturated  Oils- Liquid, produced by plants, unsaturated  Monomers –Glycerol –3 Fatty acids  Have 9x more energy per gram than carbohydrates  Examples of lipids you need –Cholesterol (basis for sex hormones) –Phospholipids (found in cell membranes)

Lipid Monomers + 3 fatty acids Either unsaturated or saturated

Types of fatty acids  Saturated –Has all of the Hydrogen it can hold –No internal double bonds –Found in fats Bacon fat, lard, fat on meat, Crisco, etc.  Unsaturated –Does not have all of the hydrogen it can hold –Has double bonds internally –Found in oils Corn oil, sunflower oil, peanut oil, olive oil, etc.

Fatty Acids

Dehydration Synthesis: Lipid

Proteins  Made up of C,H,O and N(itrogen)  Composed of amino acids monomers  Function –Structural portions- muscles, cartilage, hair, nails –Enzymes- help to regulate cell reactions Lactase- digests lactose  Food sources- egg whites, meat, milk, beans, nuts

Protein  Amino acids are held together by peptide bonds (C—N )  Once formed the protein does not stay as a straight chain. Proteins bend and fold to form a 3-D shape. –A. helix –B. twisted helix –C. several twisted helixes may join together to form a finished protein

Amino Acids Amine Group Carboxyl Acid Variable group= can be 20 different things

Dehydration Synthesis Protein

Proteins (Enzymes)  ENZYMES –are special proteins within cells that help reactions to occur more quickly or at a temperature that allows for the cell to continue living –Only react with one substrate molecule (based on the substrates shape) Ex. only one key is good for the lock on your front door, other key will not fit –Are not used up in a reaction (recyclable)

Proteins (Enzymes) Substrate Substance which an enzyme helps during a reaction Recognized by its 3 dimensional shape Is changed during the reaction  Active Site: place on an enzyme where the substrate bonds  Coenzymes: are helpers for an enzyme. Without this substance the enzyme does not function. Ex. vitamins

Enzymes Active site substrate

Nucleic Acids  Monomers are nucleotides= –Sugar –Nitrogen base –Phosphate  2 types of nucleic acids –RNA= synthesize proteins, ribonucleic acids –DNA= hereditary material, control production of RNA and proteins, deoxyribonucleic acid