Organic vs. Inorganic Inorganic lack a carbon-hydrogen combination Ex) water, salts (NaCl, KCl) Organic substances always contain both carbon and hydrogen C6H12O6 Glucose C12H22O11

Macromolecules (Organic) Carbohydrates : Bread, Potatoes, and Pasta Lipids: Fats, Butter, and Oils Proteins: Meats, Peanuts, Beans, and Eggs Nucleic acids: DNA and RNA

Carbohydrates Function of carbs Elements that make up carbs: C H O; Always 2:1 ratio between H and O Function of carbs Main energy source Structural component: cell walls, insects exoskeleton Used by cells to recognize other cells: receptors

Carbohydrate

Monomer of carbohydrates Monosaccharides: one sugar: ex: Glucose, fructose, galactose; chemical formula = C6H12O6 Polymers Disaccharides: two monomers: ex: sucrose, maltose Polysaccharides: many monomers: ex: starch, glycogen, cellulose

Dehydration Synthesis & Hydrolysis

Lipids Examples: Fats, Waxes and Oils (Mostly C & H); no ratio between H and O Function of lipids Stored energy Structural components

Lipids are also made of Monomers: 1 glycerol 3 fatty acids Two types of lipids Saturated: contains max. # H atoms. Unsaturated: contains some C=C bonds.

Proteins Elements of proteins: C, H, O, N Functions Control rate of reactions Regulates cell processes (enzymes) Building materials (collagen & elastin, coloration pigments) Fight disease (antibodies)

Building blocks of proteins amino acids (AA): are monomers or building blocks of proteins The protein is the Polymers: proteins are also called polypeptides One bonded to another AA Peptide bonds are used to bond one amino acid to another to form proteins AA-AA-AA-AA-AA-AA Draw an AA, R=H----glycine; R=CH3---alanine 13

A large protein chain made of small amino acids http://www.teachertube.com/view_video.php?viewkey=aa818e40a6b8475f0d28 Go to Section:

Amino Acids General structure Alanine Serine Amino group Carboxyl group General structure Alanine Serine The shape of Protein molecule is influenced by the sequence of amino acids in it Go to Section:

Nucleic Acids Elements of nucleic acids: C, H, O, N, P Function of nucleic acids Store & transmit genetic info.; the building blocks to our genetic code (DNA) Monomers of nucleic acids are called Nucleotides Three nucleotides of nucleic acids are: 5-C sugar, Nitrogenous base, phosphate group Polymer DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) RNA (ribonucleic acid) Polynucleotide held together covalently 16

The 2 Types Of Nucleic Acids 1. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)- our hereditary info. directs all cell activities 1st identified as double helix 1953 by Watson and Crick 2. RNA (ribonucleic acid)- transcribes hereditary info. (copies DNA) to make a protein the body needs * this means that proteins determine the nature and activities of the cell

The Nucleotide All nucleotides are identical The only difference is the type of nitrogenous base they have. There are 4 types: Guanine, Cytosine, Adenine and Thymine. These bases pair up in a specific way to make the rungs of the DNA Double Helix.

Energy and Chemical Reactions Living things undergo thousands of chemical reactions as part of the life process

Certain chemical substances (catalysts) can speed up or slow down a reaction. Biological catalysts are called enzymes If it ends in ase it is an enzyme.

Enzymes are an important class of catalysts in living organisms Mostly protein Thousands of different kinds Each specific for a different chemical reaction

Enzyme Action Enzyme-Substrate Complex substrates – the reacting molecules; the substance(s) that the enzyme works on, active site – that portion of the enzyme into which the reacting molecules fit product – the substance that results from the enzymatic activity

Enzyme Structure Enzymes work on substances called substrates Substrates must fit into a place on an enzyme called the active site Enzymes are reusable! End in –ase -Sucrase -Lactase -Maltase

Active Site A restricted region of an enzyme molecule which binds to the substrate. Enzyme Substrate Active Site

Lock + Key- refers to how the active site + substrate fits together there is only one key to a lock there is only one substrate to an active site

Enzyme video http://bcs.whfreeman.com/thelifewire/content/chp06/0602001.html

Concept Map Carbon Compounds Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic acids include Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic acids Proteins that consist of that consist of that consist of that consist of Sugars and starches Fats and oils Nucleotides Amino Acids which contain which contain which contain which contain Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen Carbon,hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus hydrogen,oxygen, nitrogen, Go to Section:

Overview of enzymes Enzyme- Protein that can speed up or slow down a reaction. Substrate-The reaction molecule, that the enzyme works on. Active Site- Portion of the enzyme that reacting molecules fit in. Has a specific shape. Lock & Key fit- A specific substrate will only fit into a specific enzyme.

Factors that affect enzyme action- Temperature, pH level, and enzyme/substrate concentration. Enzymes become denatured with temperatures that are too high or pH levels not 7. The active site changes shape. Examples of Enzymes- Lactase, the enzyme breaks down lactose Protease and peptidase - A protease is any enzyme that can break down a long protein into smaller chains called peptides Amylases - breaks down starch chains into smaller sugar molecules. Maltase- breaks down maltose Catalase- breaks down Hydrogen peroxide to water.

Enzyme Characteristics Made up of proteins Are reusable Are Specific Required by ALL chemical processes in organisms Control the rate of metabolic (chemical reactions) in the body. Weaken chemical bonds so molecules can be made or broken down by the body Many end is ~ase