Macromolecules of Life:  A monomer (from Greek mono "one" and meros "part") is a molecule that may bind chemically to other molecules to form a polymer.  Polymer: A polymer is a long, repeating chain of atoms, formed through the linkage of many molecules called monomers  Monomers are covalently bonded to Make Polymers  2 Types: 1. Inorganic Compounds: Do not contain Carbon 2. Organic Compounds: Contain Carbon EX: Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids.

Making Macromolecules  Dehydration Synthesis: Combining monomers to make a polymer. Dehydration means to take water out. Thus when you use dehydration synthesis, you are building something up while taking water out. In carbohydrates, an H from one carbohydrate and an OH from another are taken out. They form water. The two carbohydrates are then joined together by a bond. TAKE WATER OUT!

Breaking Macromolecules:  Hydrolysis: a chemical process in which a certain molecule is split into two parts by the addition of a molecule of water.  ADD WATER!! Animation of Dehydration Synthesis and Hydrolysis

Organic Compounds: Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids. A. Carbohydrates: 1.Made of Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen 2.Key source of Energy 3.Sugar: Building blocks of carbs 4.3 types of sugars: a.Monosaccharaides: Simple sugars (C 6 H 12 O 6 ) Ex: glucose and fructose b.Disaccharides: 2 sugars join together (C 12 H 22 O 11 ) Ex. Maltose: glucose + glucose sucrose: glucose + fructose c. Polysaccharides: Complex Carbohydrate. Ex: Starch: Food storage for plants cellulose: Makes up cell walls glycogen: Food storage in animals.

glucose Glucose Can occur in Ring form or linear form. Cellulose

Organic Compounds: Con’t B. Lipids 1.Not soluble in water (does not dissolve) 2.Made of C, H, O 3.Examples: waxes, fat, steroids, phospholipids (make up cell membrane) a. triglycerides: (3 fatty acids bonded together) b. 2 types: Oils, Fats 1. oils: Liquid at room temperature 2. Fat: Solid at room temperature A. Saturated Fat: Contain the maximum number of hydrogen; all carbon and hydrogen are stable - Solid at room temperature: butter, grease, lard B. Unsaturated Fat: Carbon is missing some Hydrogen so they are not stable. (easier to break down) - liquid at room temp: olive oil, fish oils 4. Other Ex: Chlorophyll, hormones, other pigments.

Organic Molecules Con’t C. Proteins 1.Made of C, H, O, and N (Nitrogen) 2.Made of 2 or more polypeptides 3.Make up skin and muscles 4.Blood clotting, visual processes, cell repair, cell processes 5.AMINO ACIDS: building blocks of proteins Common amino acids

Proteins Con’t 6.Bonded Covalently: Forms a peptide bond 7.Dipeptide bond: 2 amino acids bonded 8.Polypeptide bond: Many amino acids bonded 9.Enzymes a. One basic function of an enzyme is to increase the rate of a reaction. Most cellular reactions occur about a million times faster than they would in the absence of an enzyme. Second, most enzymes act specifically with only one reactant (called a substrate) to produce products. ( Lock and Key)

Proteins Con’t  Enzymes 1. One basic function of an enzyme is to increase the rate of a reaction. Most cellular reactions occur about a million times faster than they would in the absence of an enzyme. Without enzymes, our guts would take weeks and weeks to digest our food, our muscles, nerves and bones would not work properly and so on - we would not be living EX: The absence of enzymes is responsible for many diseases. In humans, a tragic disease called phenylketonuria (PKU), which causes severe mental retardation and even death in infants, is the result of the absence of one type of enzyme. Tay-Sachs disease is a similarly tragic result of an enzyme deficiency. It causes retardation, paralysis, and often death in early childhood when left untreated 2.Enzymes are commonly named by adding a suffix "-ase" to the root name of the substrate molecule it is acting upon. For example, Lipase catalyzes the hydrolysis of a lipid triglyceride. Sucrase catalyzes the hydrolysis of sucrose into glucose and fructose. a. A few enzymes discovered before this naming system was devised are known by common names. Examples are pepsin, trypsin, and chymotrypsin which catalyzes the hydrolysis of proteins. 3. Most enzymes act specifically with only one reactant (called a substrate) to produce products. (Lock and Key)

Enzymes Con’t  LOCK and KEY MODEL  This theory states that all enzymes and substrates have specific structures called active sites or binding sites. The substrate fits into the enzyme's active site, and they react. The substrate is broken down, and then the enzyme can act on the next substrate.  Generally, there is only one active site on each enzyme molecule and only one type (or combination) of substrate molecules will fit into it just like a key fitting into a lock  hill.com/sites/ /student_view0/chapter25/animation__enzyme_ action_and_the_hydrolysis_of_sucrose.html (example in the body) hill.com/sites/ /student_view0/chapter25/animation__enzyme_ action_and_the_hydrolysis_of_sucrose.html hill.com/sites/ /student_view0/chapter2/animation__how_enzymes_wo rk.html

Enzymes con’t.  Sometimes enzyme does not work: It is inhibited by not letting the substrate bind or something changes the enzyme structure so substrate does not bind. spCQ

Nucleic Acids 1. DNA: Deoxyribonucleic Acid a. Stores and uses important information to direct all cell activities. b. It will make an exact copy of itself for new cells that are created. 2.RNA: Ribonucleic Acid a. Uses information from DNA to make Proteins