THE CELL

ATOMS MOLECULESCOMPOUNDS ORGANELLES CELLS

THE CELL WHAT IS A CELL? – ROBERT HOOKE IN MID- 1960’S OBSERVED CORK WITH A COMPOUND MICROSCOPE – COINED THE TERM “CELL” TO DESCRIBE WHAT HE OBSERVED

THE CELL WHAT IS A CELL? – ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK DEVELOPED NEW MICROSCOPES AND OBSERVED POND WATER – OBSERVED THINGS NEVER SEEN BEFORE!! – DIDN’T DRAW ANY CONCLUSIONS, THOUGH…JUST SHARED OBSERVATIONS

THE CELL WASN’T UNTIL 1800’S THAT SCIENTISTS STARTED DRAWING CONLCUSIONS/DEVEOPING THEORIES

THE CELL SCWANN AND SCHLEIDEN FIRST TO PROPOSE THE BEGINNINGS OF THE: CELL THEORY

THE CELL

THE CELL THEORY STATES THAT – ALL LIVING THINGS ARE MADE UP OF CELLS – CELLS ARE THE BASIC UNIT OF STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION IN LIVING THINGS – ALL CELLS ARISE FROM PRE-EXISTING CELLS

THE CELL TWO BASIC TYPES OF CELLS – PROKARYOTES VS EUKARYOTES WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE??

THE CELL PROKARYOTE VS EUKARYOTE

THE CELL CELL SIZE – NEED TO COME UP WITH UNITS…(μm)

THE CELL μm = MICROMETER WHAT DOES A MICROMETER EQUAL?? 1,000 μm = 1 mm

THE CELL HOW COME WE NEED MICROMETERS? – CELLS CAN’T BE VERY LARGE… WHY NOT?? – IT IS DUE TO THE SURFACE AREA TO VOLUME RATIO

THE CELL

CELLS MUST BE ABLE TO OBTAIN NECESSARY NUTRIENTS AND REMOVE WASTES ACROSS THEIR CELL MEMBRANE AT A RATE THAT SUSTAINS THEIR NEEDS

THE CELL NOW THAT WE HAVE ESTABLISHED CELL SIZE, WHAT MAKES UP THE CELL??

THE CELL STRUCTURES THAT MAKE UP THE CELL ARE CALLED?? – ORGANELLES ORGANELLES – CELL WALL – CELL MEMBRANE – NUCLEUS – ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM – RIBOSOMES – LYSOSOMES – MITOCHONDRIA – CHLOROPLASTS – ETC…

THE CELL CELL WALL – MOST BACTERIA, VARIOUS OTHER MICROORGANISMS, AND ALL PLANT CELLS – PROVIDES STRUCTURE AND PROTECTION – WHAT IS IT MADE OF? CELLULOSE

THE CELL CELL MEMBRANE (A.K.A. PLASMA MEMBRANE)

THE CELL CELL MEMBRANE (A.K.A. PLASMA MEMBRANE) – COMPOSED OF CARBS, PROTEINS, AND LIPIDS – PHOSPHOLIPID BILAYER – FUNCTION? BARRIER BETWEEN INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENTS

THE CELL CELL MEMBRANE (A.K.A. PLASMA MEMBRANE) – SELECTIVELY PERMEABLE SOME SUBSTANCES CAN PASS THROUGH, WHILE OTHER SUBSTANCES CAN NOT

THE CELL NUCLEUS – MEMBRANE-BOUND STRUCTURE THAT SERVES AS CONTROL CENTER FOR METABOLISM AND CELLULAR REPRODUCTION – *LARGEST ORGANELLE* – CONTAINS DNA (BLUEPRINTS)

THE CELL NUCLEUS – NUCLEAR ENVELOPE MEMBRANE THAT SURROUNDS NUCLEUS – NUCLEOLUS PLURAL = NUCLEOLI COMPOSED OF DNA/RNA/PROTEIN SITE OF RIBOSOMAL PRODUCTION

THE CELL CYTOPLASM – WATERY MATERIAL IN THE CELL BETWEEN THE CELL MEMBRANE AND NUCLEUS – CONTAINS DISSOLVED SUBSTANCES THAT ARE A PART OF METABOLIC REACTIONS – LOCATION OF A VARIETY OF CELLULAR ORGANELLES

THE CELL ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (E.R.) – ROUGH E.R. VS SMOOTH E.R. – SYSTEM OF FLUID-FILLED CANALS – INVOLVED IN INTRA- CELLULAR TRANSPORT, AND SURFACE AREA FOR METABOLIC REACTIONS WITHIN THE CELL

THE CELL RIBOSOMES – COMPOSED OF RNA AND PROTEIN – SOLE FUNCTION IS PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

THE CELL

GOLGI BODY (A.K.A. GOLGI APPARATUS) – MODIFY, PACKAGE, AND TRANSPORT PROTEINS MADE BY THE CELL TO THEIR FINAL DESTINATION

THE CELL

LYSOSOMES – BREAKDOWN BODY – CONTAIN HYDROLYTIC ENZYMES ENZYMES THAT CATALYZE HYDROLYSIS – LYSOSOMES CAN DIGEST THE ORGANISM IF NOT CONTAINED!! (EX. TAY-SACHS) – LYSOSOMAL DISEASE LYSOSOMAL DISEASE

THE CELL MITOCHONDRIA – INVOLVED IN CELLULAR RESPIRATION ATP PRODUCTION (ATP IS A HIGH ENERGY MOLECULE) – EVERY EUKARYOTIC CELL HAS THIS ORGANELLE!! – WE WILL SPEND A WHOLE CHAPTER ON CELLULAR RESPIRATION

THE CELL CYTOSKELETON – SUPPORTS CELL, PROVIDES MOVEMENT – COMPOSED OF MICROTUBULES AND MICROFILAMENTS

THE CELL VACUOLES – STORAGE SACKS – DIFFERENT TYPES FOOD VACUOLE CENTRAL VACUOLE CONTRACTILE VACUOLE

THE CELL CENTRIOLES – INVOLVED IN CELL DIVISION – NOT FULLY UNDERSTOOD

THE CELL CILIA AND FLAGELLA – HAIRLIKE ORGANELLES INVOLVED IN CELLULAR MOVEMENT

THE CELL CHLOROPLASTS

THE CELL CHLOROPLASTS – INVOLVED IN PHOTOSYNTHESIS – CONTAIN CHLOROPHYLL (SUBSTANCE THAT MAKES THEM GREEN) – ONE OF THE GROUP OF ORGANELLES CALLED PLASTIDS LEUCOPLASTS CHROMOPLASTS CHLOROPLASTS – PLASTIDS GROUP OF ORGANELLES ONLY FOUND IN PHOTOSYNTHETIC EUKARYOTES

THE CELL REMEMBER, WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PROKARYOTIC AND EUKARYOTIC CELLS? WHAT ORGANELLES AREN’T IN PROKARYOTES THAT ARE IN EUKARYOTES? HOW DID THOSE ORGANELLES GET THERE?

THE CELL ENDOSYMBIOTIC THEORY – IT IS BELIEVED THAT PROKARYOTES FUSED TOGETHER AND FORMED THE FIRST EUKARYOTIC CELLS

THE CELL MAINTAINING A CONSTANT CELL ENVIRONMENT – THE INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT OF THE CELL MUST BE KEPT CONSTANT AT ALL TIMES – HOMEOSTASIS WHAT HAPPENS IF HOMEOSTASIS IS INTERUPTED? – THE INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT IS CONTROLLED BY HOMEOSTASIS, BUT WHAT ABOUT THE EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT? IT IS CONSTANTLY CHANGING!!!

THE CELL THE SELECTIVELY PERMEABLE CELL MEMBRANE PROTECTS THE INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT FROM THE CRAZY CHANGES OF THE EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT

THE CELL HOW DO SUBSTANCES THAT CAN GET THROUGH THE MEMBRANE DO IT? DIFFUSION – THE MOVEMENT OF PARTICLES FROM HIGH CONCENTRATION TO LOW CONCENTRATION

THE CELL KEY CONCEPTS WITH DIFFUSION: – EQUILIBRIUM – CONCENTRATION GRADIENT DIFFUSION IS VITAL TOWARDS THE MOVEMENT OF PARTICLES/MOLECULES IN AND OUT OF CELLS

THE CELL THE CELL MEMBRANE CREATES A BARRIER BETWEEN THE INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT, LEADING TO THE FORMATION OF A CONCETRATION GRADIENT WHICH ALLOWS DIFFUSION TO OCCUR

THE CELL WHAT IS THE CELL MEMBRANE MADE UP OF?

THE CELL SPECIALIZED PROTEINS IN THE CELL MEMBRANE MAKE DIFFUSION HAPPEN FASTER THAN IT WOULD NATURALLY – FACILITATED DIFFUSION DIFFUSION THAT OCCURS WITH ASSISTANCE (IN THIS CASE, PROTEINS IN THE MEMBRANE)

THE CELL WHO REMEMBERS WHAT THE MOST AWESOME, COOL, RADICAL, GNARLIEST INORGANIC COMPOUND IS?? –H2O–H2O BECAUSE WATER IS SO SUPER COOL, IT HAS ITS OWN TYPE OF DIFFUSION

THE CELL OSMOSIS – THE DIFFUSION OF WATER ACROSS A SELECTIVELY PERMEABLE MEMBRANE – WHAT CAN YOU FILL IN FOR THE WORD DIFFUSION?? – WHY IS WATER SO DIFFERENT? BECAUSE STUFF CAN BE DISSOLVED IN THE WATER

THE CELL THE ORIGINAL “U-TUBE”

THE CELL OSMOSIS IS SO POWERFUL, IT’S “DEFYING GRAVITY!!” – THIS IS KNOWN AS OSMOTIC PRESSURE

THE CELL EFFECTS OF OSMOSIS ON CELLS – ISOTONIC NO EFFECT – HYPOTONIC SWELLING / TURGID – HYPERTONIC SHRIVELED / PLASMOLYSIS

THE CELL DIFFUSION, FACILITATED DIFFUSION, AND OSMOSIS ALL HAVE SOMETHING IN COMMON – HIGH TO LOW MOVEMENT… REQUIRING NO INPUT OF ENERGY – MOVEMENT ACROSS A MEMBRANE WITHOUT ENERGY INPUT IS CALLED – PASSIVE TRANSPORT

THE CELL PASSIVE TRANSPORT VS ACTIVE TRANSPORT – IF PASSIVE TRANSPORT DOESN’T REQUIRE ENERGY…WHAT DO YOU THINK IS TRUE ABOUT ACTIVE TRANSPORT? – WHY DOES ACTIVE TRANSPORT REQUIRE ENERGY?

THE CELL ACTIVE TRANSPORT – THE MOVEMENT OF MATERIALS FROM LOW CONCENTRATION TO HIGH CONCENTRATION THROUGH THE EXPENDITURE OF CELLULAR ENERGY (ATP) – TWO PROCESSES MOLECULE BY MOLECULE FORMATION OF VESICLES (VACUOLES) – ENDOCYTOSIS & EXOCYTOSIS

THE CELL EXOCYTOSIS VS. ENDOCYTOSIS – PINOCYTOSIS & PHAGOCYTOSIS

THE CELL WHERE DOES THE ENERGY FOR ACTIVE TRANSPORT COME FROM?? THAT’S WHAT CHAPTER 6 IS ALL ABOUT!!!