Energy 102 Electrical Energy

Energy 101: The Basics Covered 8 Forms of Energy Primarily Chemical Energy

Electrical Energy Secondary Form of Energy Can Not Exist on Its Own Must be Produced or Stored by Another Form

Electrical Energy Not Static Electricity Electrons on the Move

Primary Energy Forms Chemical Radiant Mechanical

100 % Satisfaction Guarantee Five Times More Energy Educated

Grading System Final Exam Class Participation

Reliable Electrical Energy

Early Telegraph Systems

Powered Early Telegraph and Telephone Systems

Alexandra Volta

Voltaic Pile – Battery Invented 1800

Zinc Gains 2 Extra Electrons Negative Copper Loses 2 Electrons Positive

Batteries are Everywhere

Storage Batteries Expensive Today

Electric Car Batteries

Photovoltaic Cell

PV Cell Efficiency 7 % – 17 % Most of the Incoming Radiant Transformed into Thermal or Reflected

Total 2012 U.S. Energy from PV Systems 0.1% Twice as Expensive as Natural Gas, Coal, or Nuclear

Super PV Cells Cheaper to Manufacturer More Efficient Transforming Radiant Energy into Electrical Laws of Physics May Prevent or Allow

Tracking the Sun 20% more in winter 50% more in summer

Anti – Reflective Coating 33% absorption without coating 96 % absorption with coating

99% of U.S. Electricity

Primary Energy Forms for Electrical Energy Radiant and Chemical – 1% Mechanical – 99%

Electrical Generator

Michael Faraday

Michael Faraday

Joseph Henry

Hand Generators

Early Generators mid 1800s

Thomas Edison

Pearl Street Station, New York Customers 400 Lamps

Pearl Street Station New York – Customers Lamps ,164

Electric Power – 40% 2012 U.S. Energy Demand

Thermal Power Plants 2012 U.S. Electricity Production Coal – 42% Natural Gas – 25% Nuclear – 19% Petroleum – 1% Biomass 3% Geothermal 0.3%

Spins 60 Times a Second in the Americas Most of the World - 50 cycles per second

Energy Conversion Thermal Power Plants 1/3 to Electrical Energy 2/3 to Thermal Energy

Cogeneration

Hydroelectric Power – 4 % Up to 90% Efficient

Wind Power - 3 % U.S. Electricity

Turbine Efficiency Mechanical to Electrical Energy Average - 20% Perfect Wind Speed – 50%

Electric Grid

Alexander Volta André-Marie Ampere James Watt

Low Amperage

Higher Amperage

1 Amp 6.2×10 18 Electrons per second

Voltage – Push on Electrons

Power = Voltage x Current P = VI Watts = Volts x Amps

500 Watt Hair Dryer 500W = 120V x I I = 500W/110V I = 4.2A

Electric Grid Output Voltage kV Power Output ,400 MW

7% Conversion into Thermal Energy Step up Voltage times will Reduce Current times Reduce Current by only 10 times Reduces Thermal Losses by 100

Reduce Collisions Reduce Thermal Losses in Power Lines

Transformers

P = VI MW = (10)V (1/10)I 1/100 Thermal Energy Losses

Electric Grid Step Up Times to 138KV – 765 KV KV

Electric Grid

120V and 240V 2400V

Electric Grid

Switching to Satellite

Toast to Burning Coal Energy 102 Final Exam

Thermal energy changes water into high pressure steam to turn a turbine and generator at 60 cycles per second.

Generator Produces Electrical Energy 11KV – 25 KV

To Reduce Thermal Losses Transformers Step Up Voltage times Reducing Current times

High Voltage Transmission Lines

Substation Steps Down Voltage and Increases Current

Distribution Lines into Neighborhoods Above and Below Ground

Once in the Neighborhood Stepped Down to 120V and 240V

Transformation from Electrical Energy into Thermal and Radiant Energy

Radiant and Chemical Energy Produce Chemical Reaction on Surface of the Bread

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