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Gross Neuroanatomy

CNS vs PNS

Neuroanatomy CNS Nuclei (gray matter) vs. nerve tracts (white matter) Brain, functional areas Spinal cord Blood-brain barrier Ventricular system Blood supply PNS Cranial, cervical to sacral nerves, autonomic nerves muscles

Methods Lesion studies Special stains (Golgi, Nissel) and histology Tract tracing Surface-, Intracortical microstimulation PET, (f)MRI, EEG, MEG, TMS

Phineas Gage--1848

Neurons are signaling elements Late nineteenth century: Golgi and Ramon y Cajal

Mapping brain regions Wilder Penfield, 1940’s Electrical stimulation of exposed human cortex during surgery

Methods for functional studies

Limbic lobe

Cranial nerves

Diencephalon and brainstem

C-shaped structures

Somatotopic mapping of human sensory and motor cortices

CNS subdivision

Brain: gray and white matter

Diencephalon Thalamus major sensory center and motor output Corpus callosum links 2 hemispheres Hypothalamus major center for homeostasis

Thalamus All senses, except olfaction, are routed through it to cortex

Limbic system emotion, memory, and learning

Brainstem midbrain, pons, medulla

Brainstem Tectum: Superior colliculus: part of vision Inferior colliculus: part of audition Periaqueductal gray area Tegmentum: Reticular Formation: sleep, arousal, muscle tone contain norepinephrine nuclei Substantia Nigra: motor system (Parkinson’s dis) contain major dopamine nuclei Periaqueductal gray area: contain Substance P nuclei sensitive to opiates

Spinal cord

Blood-brain barrier endothelial cells (tight junctions in-between), pericytes, and astrocytes (end-foot processes)

Motor corticospinal rubrospinal reticulospinal tracts

Motor multiple descending tracts from brainstem

Spinal Cord spinal reflex; central pattern generators at C-, L-enlargement

Motor the motor unit

Motor extrapyramidal system (basal ganglion)

Functions of Basal ganglion: other than motor control

Sensory Dermatomes

Somatosensory spinothalamic tract

Somatosensory proprioception dorsal column pathway

Somatosensory pain modulatory pathways

Autonomic

Autonomic Hypothalamic nucleus

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