Medical Assisting Chapter 32 PowerPoint® to accompany Medical Assisting Chapter 32 Second Edition Ramutkowski • Booth • Pugh • Thompson • Whicker Chapter 32 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

The Endocrine System Objectives 32-1 Describe the general functions of the endocrine system. 32-2 Compare the endocrine and exocrine glands. 32-3 Define hormone. 32-4 Describe the locations of the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands,adrenal glands, pancreas, thymus, and gonads. 32-5 List the hormones released by the pituitary gland and give the functions of each. 32-6 List the hormones released by the thyroid gland and parathyroid glands, and give the functions of each.

The Endocrine System Objectives (cont.) 32-7 List the hormones released by the adrenal glands and give the functions of each. 32-8 List the hormones released by the pancreas and give the functions of each. 32-9 List the hormones released by the thymus and gonads, and give the function of each. 32-10 Describe the signs, symptoms, causes, and treatments of various endocrine disorders.

The Endocrine System The endocrine system includes the organs of the body that secrete hormones directly into body fluids such as blood. hormones bloodstream to glands secrete into target tissues

Hormones Hormones are chemicals secreted by a cell that affects the functions of other cells. Many hormones are derived from steroids that can easily cross the cell membrane . Examples of steroid hormones: Estrogen Progesterone Testosterone Cortisol hormones

Hormones (cont.) Nonsteroid Hormones Prostaglandins Made of amino acids or proteins Cannot cross the cell membrane with ease Binds to receptors on the surface of the cells G-protein is usually activated by the hormone-receptor complex. Prostaglandins Local hormones Derived from lipid molecules Typically do not travel into the blood stream Target tissues are located close by Produced by organs such as the:  Kidneys  Uterus  Heart  Brain  Stomach

Pituitary Gland This gland is located at the base of the brain and is controlled by the hypothalamus. A bony structure called the sella turcica protects the pituitary gland. The optic chiasm is located just above the pituitary gland. The pituitary gland is divided into two lobes: Anterior Lobe Posterior Lobe

Pituitary Gland Anterior Lobe Growth Hormone Prolactin Stimulates milk production Stimulates increase in size of muscles and bones. Anterior Lobe Thyroid-stimulating Luteinizing Stimulates the thyroid gland to release its hormones. Stimulates ovulation in females and estrogen production. Stimulates production of testosterone in males Follicle-stimulating Adrenocorticotrophic In females stimulates estrogen production and maturation of the ova. In males, it stimulates sperm production. Stimulates the adrenal cortex to release its hormones

Pituitary Gland (cont.) Antidiuretic Hormone Oxytocin Stimulates the kidneys to conserve water In females causes contraction of the uterus and ejection of breast milk. Posterior Lobe

Apply Your Knowledge The medical assistant in a local medical office is about to administer an injection of cortisol. The patient asks “Once you inject that steriod in my arm, why won’t it affect my arm and other body parts?” Which of the following would best answer this patient’s question? Hormones do not affect any cells. Cortisol is not a hormone so there is no need for concern. Hormones have specific target cells that they bind with.

Apply Your Knowledge - Answer The medical assistant in a local medical office is about to administer an injection of cortisol. The patient asks “Once you inject that steriod in my arm, why won’t it affect my arm and other body parts?” Which of the following would best answer this patient’s question? Hormones do not affect any cells. Cortisol is not a hormone so there is no need for concern. Hormones have specific target cells that they bind with.

Thyroid Gland and Parathyroid Glands Located below the larynx Is covered by a capsule Is divided into follicles that store some of the hormones Major Hormones Thyroid Hormones T3 T4 Calcitonin Stimulate protein synthesis and increase cellular energy production Lowers blood calcium levels by activating osteoblasts

Thyroid Gland and Parathyroid Glands (cont.) Most people have four parathyroid glands These glands are located on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland. They secrete the parathyroid hormone (PTH) Parathyroid hormone acts to raise the blood calcium levels by activating osteoclasts.

Adrenal Glands Located on top of each kidney Divided into the adrenal medulla and adrenal cortex Adrenal Medulla Adrenal Cortex central portion secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine secretions prepare the body for the stress response outermost portion aldosterone and cortisol are the main two hormones secreted

Pancreas Insulin Glucagon Located behind the stomach Considered as both an endocrine and exocrine gland Contains structures known as islets of Langerhans which secretes insulin and glucagon Insulin Glucagon Blood glucose concentrations Blood glucose concentrations Protein synthesis Protein synthesis

Apply Your Knowledge A surgical patient is considered to have experienced physical external stress. All of the following are symptoms associated with stress except: Increased blood pressure Decreased blood glucose Increased heart rate

Apply Your Knowledge - Answer A surgical patient is considered to have experienced physical external stress. All of the following are symptoms associated with stress except: Increased blood pressure Decreased blood glucose Increased heart rate

Other Hormone Producing Organs The Pineal Body The Thymus Gland Located between the cerebral hemispheres Secretes melatonin Located between the lungs Secretes thymosin Other Sites The Gonads Stomach produces gastrin Small intestines release secretin and cholecystokinin Heart secretes atrial natriuretic peptide Kidneys secrete erythropoietin Ovaries and testes Ovaries release estrogen and progesterone Testes produce testosterone

The Body's Physiologic Response To Stress The Stress Response A stressor is any stimulus that produces stress. Types of Stressors Physical Factors  Psychological Factors  Positive Factors The Body's Physiologic Response To Stress The body’s response consist of a group of reactions called the general stress syndrome which is caused by the release of hormones. Heart rate  Breathing rate  Blood pressure Glucose levels

Common Diseases and Disorders of the Endocrine System Causes Increased productions of the growth hormone or a tumor. Signs and Symptoms Enlargement of skull, and hands and feet bones Thickening of the skin Headache, fatigue, pain, weight gain, heart disease Treatment Medications to decrease growth hormone production Radiation therapy Surgery Acromegaly

Common Diseases and Disorders of the Endocrine System (cont.) Addison's Disease Causes Specific causes unknown but may be due to cancer, or an autoimmune dysfunction Signs and Symptoms Weakness, fatigue, dizziness, weight loss, muscle pain, vomiting, diarrhea and dehydration Treatment Corticosteriods Medications or hormones to balance sodium and potassium levels

Common Diseases and Disorders of the Endocrine System (cont.) Cushing's Disease Causes Excessive production of ACTH (adrenal gland tumor) Long-term use of steriods Signs and Symptoms Round or full face, hump of fat between the shoulders, fatigue, thin arms and legs with large abdomen, high blood pressure, high blood glucose levels Treatment Lifestyle changes Radiation and surgery for tumor removal

Common Diseases and Disorders of the Endocrine System (cont.) Diabetes Mellitus Causes Decreased or absent production of insulin by the pancreas Obesity, high blood pressure, pregnancy, high cholesterol levels Signs and Symptoms High blood glucose levels, excessive thirst, frequent urination, increased appetite, blurred vision, slow wound healing, weight loss, foot problems, impotence in men Treatment Insulin (injection and oral tablets) Lifestyle changes Complications Kidney disease, blindness, atherosclerosis, amputations

Common Diseases and Disorders of the Endocrine System (cont.) Dwarfism Causes Underproduction of the growth hormone Trauma to pituitary gland or pituitary tumor Signs and Symptoms Short height, abnormal facial features, cleft lip or palate, delayed puberty, headache, frequent urination, thirst Treatment Administer supplemental growth hormone

Common Diseases and Disorders of the Endocrine System (cont.) Gigantism Causes Overproduction of the growth hormone or a pituitary tumor Signs and Symptoms Very tall height, delayed sexual maturity, thick facial bones, thick skin, weakness, vision problems Treatment Medications to decrease growth hormone levels Radiation therapy or surgery for tumor

Common Diseases and Disorders of the Endocrine System (cont.) Grave's Disease Causes Over production of thyroid hormones Also considered an autoimmune disorder Signs and Symptoms Exophthalmos, goiter, insomnia, weight loss, muscle weakness, increased appetite, vision problems, increased heart rate Treatment Medications Radiation and surgery to the thyroid gland

Common Diseases and Disorders of the Endocrine System (cont.) Myxedema Causes Removal of the thyroid gland, neck radiation treatments and obesity Signs and Symptoms Weakness, fatigue, weight gain, depression, dry skin, general body aches, pale or yellow skin, slow heart rate, enlarged heart, coma Treatment Supplemental thyroid hormones Close monitoring of thyroid hormone levels

Apply Your Knowledge Cushing’s disease Addison’s disease A patient enters the medical office with complaints of fatigue and body aches. You notice that the patient’s arms are thin and the abdomen appears enlarged. The physician states to you “ This looks like a case of hypercortisolism.” You realize this refers to which of the following diseases? Cushing’s disease Addison’s disease Diabetes mellitus

Apply Your Knowledge - Answer A patient enters the medical office with complaints of fatigue and body aches. You notice that the patient’s arms are thin and the abdomen appears enlarged. The physician states to you “ This looks like a case of hypercortisolism.” You realize this refers to which of the following diseases? Cushing’s disease Addison’s disease Diabetes mellitus

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