The Client Side of Networking Understanding the TCP/IP Protocol Suite File and Print Clients on Private Networks Connecting to the Internet Internet Clients Troubleshooting Common Network Client Problems Chapter 10

McGraw-Hill/Irwin© 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 2 Learning Objectives Apply basic TCP/IP knowledge and skills Use a file and print client to connect to shares List methods for connecting to the Internet Identify and configure common Internet clients Troubleshoot common client connection problems

McGraw-Hill/Irwin© 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3 Understanding the TCP/IP Protocol Suite TCP/IP is a suite of protocols that work together to allow similar and dissimilar systems to communicate The two core protocols are Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and Internet Protocol (IP) TCP/IP protocol is automatically installed in Windows when a network card is present

McGraw-Hill/Irwin© 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 4 Understanding the TCP/IP Protocol Suite Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) Responsible for the accurate delivery of messages Verifies and resends pieces that fail to reach the destination TCP has several sub-protocols

McGraw-Hill/Irwin© 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 5 Understanding the TCP/IP Protocol Suite Internet Protocol (IP) Packages communications in chunks, called packets Allows a computer to be identified by a logical address called an IP address Each packet is given a header that contains information including the source address (local host address) and the destination address Special routing protocols can use a destination IP address to choose the best route for a packet to take

McGraw-Hill/Irwin© 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 6 Understanding the TCP/IP Protocol Suite Internet Protocol (IP) (continued) IP has several sub-protocols IP addresses are very important A computer cannot communicate on a TCP/IP network without a valid IP address

McGraw-Hill/Irwin© 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 7 Understanding the TCP/IP Protocol Suite Internet Protocol (IP) (continued) IP Addressing Fundamentals An IP address is assigned to a network adapter When a modem and LAN adapter are present, each connects a computer to a different network A desktop computer usually has only a single network device connecting it to a specific network, so that is the only address by which the computer is known on that network

McGraw-Hill/Irwin© 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 8 Understanding the TCP/IP Protocol Suite Internet Protocol (IP) (continued) IP Addressing Fundamentals (continued) An IP address has four parts in dotted decimal format Example: Four sets of base-10 numbers (decimal) Each number is within 0 to 255 Rules determine how these numbers are used

McGraw-Hill/Irwin© 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 9 Understanding the TCP/IP Protocol Suite Internet Protocol (IP) (continued) IP Addressing Fundamentals (continued) 4.3 billion possible IP addresses Allocation methods have reduced the usable number Current version IP Protocol 4 (IPv4)

McGraw-Hill/Irwin© 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 10 Understanding the TCP/IP Protocol Suite Internet Protocol (IP) (continued) Which addresses can be used? Public Addresses  Assigned to hosts on the Internet  A host is any computer or device that has an IP address  Source address must be unique on the entire Internet  Destination address must be unique on the entire Internet

McGraw-Hill/Irwin© 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 11 Understanding the TCP/IP Protocol Suite Internet Protocol (IP) (continued) Which addresses can be used? (continued) Public Addresses (continued)  Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) allocates numbers to Regional Internet Registries (RIRs)  RIRs allocate numbers to ISPs  ISPs allocate numbers to customers

McGraw-Hill/Irwin© 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 12 Understanding the TCP/IP Protocol Suite Internet Protocol (IP) (continued) Which addresses can be used? (continued) Private Addresses  They are not to be used on the Internet  Used in private IP networks  No permissions required  An address from one of three ranges of IP addresses  through  through  through

McGraw-Hill/Irwin© 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 13 Understanding the TCP/IP Protocol Suite Internet Protocol (IP) (continued) Which addresses can be used? (continued) Private Addresses (continued)  To connect to the Internet, each data packet with a private source address must be intercepted, repackaged, and given a public IP address as its source address before being sent out onto the Internet  If there is a response, each packet will be repackaged and returned to the private address  An Internet router substitutes (or translates) a private IP address to a unique Internet IP address

McGraw-Hill/Irwin© 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 14 Understanding the TCP/IP Protocol Suite Internet Protocol (IP) (continued) How Does a Host Get an IP Address? Static Address Assignment  Manually configured for a host  In most organizations, static IP addressing is done only on servers, network printers, and network devices  Network administrator will provide on a LAN  ISP will provide for an Internet connection (if needed)  Enter in TCP/IP properties for the network connection

McGraw-Hill/Irwin© 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 15 Understanding the TCP/IP Protocol Suite Internet Protocol (IP) (continued) How Does a Host Get an IP Address? (continued) Automatic Address Assignment (DHCP and APIPA)  Methods by which a computer can be assigned an IP address, and all the additional configuration settings, automatically.  Most organizations do Automatic IP addressing via Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) server  If no DHCP server responds, a DHCP client may self- assign via Automatic Private IP Addressing (APIPA)

McGraw-Hill/Irwin© 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 16 Understanding the TCP/IP Protocol Suite Internet Protocol (IP) (continued) IP Configuration Settings Subnet Mask  As critical as the address itself  Divides IP address into two parts: Host ID and Net ID  Example:  IP address  Mask of  Host ID = 48  Net ID =

McGraw-Hill/Irwin© 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 17 Understanding the TCP/IP Protocol Suite Internet Protocol (IP) (continued) IP Configuration Settings (continued) How masking works in binary math  IP address of  In binary =  Mask of  In binary =  Masking results in  Net ID of  Host ID of 2

McGraw-Hill/Irwin© 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 18 Understanding the TCP/IP Protocol Suite Internet Protocol (IP) (continued) IP Configuration Settings (continued) Default Gateway  IP address of the router on the LAN  Net ID of the default gateway address should be identical to that of the IP address  Router directs traffic beyond the local network  Without this, traffic will not travel beyond local network  Example: router connects network to other networks  Any packet for other networks is sent to default gateway

McGraw-Hill/Irwin© 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 19 Understanding the TCP/IP Protocol Suite Internet Protocol (IP) (continued) IP Configuration Settings DNS Servers  Domain Name System (DNS) is a distributed online database  Names mapped to IP addresses  Thousands of name servers maintain this distributed database  DNS client queries a DNS server to determine the IP address of a web site  A query of "mcgraw-hill.com" returns

McGraw-Hill/Irwin© 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 20 Understanding the TCP/IP Protocol Suite Internet Protocol (IP) (continued) IP Configuration Settings (continued) DNS Servers (continued)  Two DNS Server addresses in Windows IP configuration  Preferred DNS server is contacted with queries  Alternate DNS server is contacted ONLY after no response from Preferred server

McGraw-Hill/Irwin© 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 21 Understanding the TCP/IP Protocol Suite Internet Protocol (IP) (continued) IP Configuration Settings (continued) Advanced TCP/IP Settings  DNS  Add more than two DNS servers  Change the order in which the DNS servers are used  Allows the DNS client to request a name search for a domain name when an incomplete name is entered  WINS  Enter WINS servers  WINS resolves NetBIOS names to IP addresses

McGraw-Hill/Irwin© 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 22 Understanding the TCP/IP Protocol Suite Internet Protocol (IP) (continued) IP Configuration Settings (continued) Advanced TCP/IP Settings (continued)  WINS  NetBIOS over TCP/IP automatically installed with TCP/IP  NetBIOS used in Microsoft workgroups, NT domains, and Active Directory domains with a mixture of new and old.

McGraw-Hill/Irwin© 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 23 Understanding the TCP/IP Protocol Suite Internet Protocol (IP) (continued) IP Configuration Settings (continued) Viewing an IP Configuration with IPCONFIG  A command line command  Displays the IP configuration of network interfaces  Displays information on static or DHCP clients  Available in all versions of Windows but Windows 95  In Windows 95 use WINIPCFG  IPCONFIG /all displays all IP configurations for all network interfaces

McGraw-Hill/Irwin© 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 24 File and Print Clients on Private Networks File and print client for each file sharing protocol Microsoft's Server Message Block (SMB) Novell's NetWare Core Protocol (NCP) Common Internet File System (CIFS) Network File System (NFS)

McGraw-Hill/Irwin© 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 25 File and Print Clients on Private Networks Client for Microsoft Networks Automatically installed and enabled in Windows Can see computers with file and printer sharing turned on SMB and CIFS View servers and shares in My Computer | My Network Places Connecting to shares depends on permissions

McGraw-Hill/Irwin© 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 26 File and Print Clients on Private Networks Novell Clients Microsoft’s Client Service for NetWare Not automatically installed on a Windows computer One comes with each version of Windows Can be installed optionally, if needed After installation complete Select NetWare Logon dialog box Select a NetWare server or an NDS tree and context Microsoft client for Novell is less capable than Novell’s Used when just a few Novell file and printer servers

McGraw-Hill/Irwin© 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 27 File and Print Clients on Private Networks Step-by-Step Install the Client Service for NetWare Page 489

McGraw-Hill/Irwin© 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 28 File and Print Clients on Private Networks Novell Clients Novell Client by Novell for Windows Available for free from Novell Preferred in a Novell network Better tools for use by Novell administrators Separate Novell clients for Windows versions and other OSs Download from

McGraw-Hill/Irwin© 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 29 File and Print Clients on Private Networks Connecting Client to Shares Connecting to a file share Browse to a share using My Computer or Windows Explorer Use a Universal Naming Convention (UNC) name in Internet Explorer or Windows Explorer Search for it in an AD domain UNC name is used on Microsoft networks  Syntax: \\servername\sharename  Example: \\wickenburg\data

McGraw-Hill/Irwin© 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 30 File and Print Clients on Private Networks Connecting Client to Shares (continued) Connecting to a file share (continued) Mapping assigns local unused drive letter to a network share  Select Tools | Map Network Drive

McGraw-Hill/Irwin© 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 31 File and Print Clients on Private Networks Step-by-Step Connecting to a Share Page 492

McGraw-Hill/Irwin© 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 32 File and Print Clients on Private Networks Connecting Client to Shares (continued) Connecting Clients to Shared Printers Connecting to printers using UNC names Connecting to printers using IPP Adding a standard TCP/IP printer

McGraw-Hill/Irwin© 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 33 File and Print Clients on Private Networks Step-by-Step Connecting to a Shared Printer Page 494

McGraw-Hill/Irwin© 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 34 Connecting to the Internet Internet Service Providers Provide Internet access to individuals or companies May offer other Internet-related services Examples: Ground Control ( satellite Internet service T-Mobile ( cellular Internet service Local telephone companies provide ISP services for dial-up and DSL customers Comcast ( cable Internet service

McGraw-Hill/Irwin© 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 35 Connecting to the Internet Computer-to-Internet vs. LAN-to-Internet Computer may have a direct Internet connection Computer may connect to the Internet through a LAN Wired Connectivity Technologies Dial-up Connections Use traditional phone system Inexpensive WAN option 56Kbps Need ISP service Cannot use voice and data on same line

McGraw-Hill/Irwin© 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 36 Connecting to the Internet Wired Connectivity Technologies (continued) Dial-up Connections (continued) Installing a Modem  Verify modem works  Connect external modem to computer and power  Internal modem is turned on with computer  Install from Phone and Modem Options applet in Control Panel

McGraw-Hill/Irwin© 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 37 Connecting to the Internet Step-by-Step Installing a Modem in Windows Page 499

McGraw-Hill/Irwin© 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 38 Connecting to the Internet Wired Connectivity Technologies (continued) Dial-up Connections (continued) Creating a Dial-up Connection  New Connection Wizard in Windows XP  AOL or CompuServe have separate installation programs  Initiate a dial-up session using the connection applet  Internet browsers and clients can be configured to open connection when the application is started

McGraw-Hill/Irwin© 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 39 Connecting to the Internet Step-by-Step Configuring a Dial-up Client Page 502

McGraw-Hill/Irwin© 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 40 Connecting to the Internet Wired Connectivity Technologies (continued) High-Speed Connections Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN)  Digital phone service  Special modem and phone service  Up to 128Kbps  Slightly higher cost than modem dial-up  Rarely used in homes in the U.S.  Simultaneously supports data, voice and fax machine  Dropping out of favor due to better alternatives

McGraw-Hill/Irwin© 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 41 Connecting to the Internet Wired Connectivity Technologies (continued) High Speed Connections (continued) Digital Subscriber Line (DSL)  Uses advanced digital signal processing over telephone network  Requires changes in components on telephone network  Simultaneously supports data, voice and fax machine  Dedicated circuit from home or office to central office  Several xDSL versions available:  ADSL, SDSL, HDSL, VDSL

McGraw-Hill/Irwin© 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 42 Connecting to the Internet Wired Connectivity Technologies (continued) High Speed Connections (continued) T-Carrier System  T-1  24 individual channels transmitting 64 Kbps each  Combined throughput of 1.544Mbps  Fractional T-1  One or more individual T-1 channels  Cheaper alternative to T-1  T-3  672 channels with combined throughput of Mbps  Most expensive

McGraw-Hill/Irwin© 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 43 Connecting to the Internet Wired Connectivity Technologies (continued) High Speed Connections (continued) Cable  Cable modem service  Cable television networks sell a portion of bandwidth for data  Faster than common telephone lines  Simultaneously supports data, audio, and video  Signal is shared  Increase in number of users decreases bandwidth to each user

McGraw-Hill/Irwin© 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 44 Connecting to the Internet Wireless Connectivity Technologies Wireless WAN (WWAN) Connections Covers a large geographical area Accessible to mobile users Fully bidirectional Basic WWAN services offers 1 to 10Mb Speeds over 100 Mbps with dedicated equipment Requires antenna tuned to proper radio frequency

McGraw-Hill/Irwin© 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 45 Connecting to the Internet Wireless Connectivity Technologies (continued) Satellite For areas without a wired network that can support broadband Used for a significant percentage of all worldwide ISP links to the Internet backbone and to customers Estimated 10% of worldwide broadband traffic in 2003 involved satellite communications Used for mobile communications by the armed forces, businesses, and individuals Faster downstream than upstream

McGraw-Hill/Irwin© 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 46 Connecting to the Internet Wireless Connectivity Technologies (continued) Satellite (continued) Requires an earth-based communications station consisting of a Transceiver (satellite dish) and a Modem- like device Satellite dish pointed at a data satellite Modem connected to the dish and computer or LAN Mobile installation more expensive than stationary Satellite links to a land-based operations center which routes signals to the Internet

McGraw-Hill/Irwin© 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 47 Connecting to the Internet Wireless Connectivity Technologies (continued) WLAN Connections a  Speeds up to 54 Mb  Most public access to WLANs do not use this standard  Uses the 5-GHz band b  Speeds up to 11Mbps  Compatible with most WLAN access points  Uses the 2.4-GHz band

McGraw-Hill/Irwin© 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 48 Connecting to the Internet Wireless Connectivity Technologies (continued) WLAN Connections (continued) g  Speeds up to 54Mbps  Sustained throughput of 25Mbps  Uses the 2.4-GHz bank  Downward compatible with b

McGraw-Hill/Irwin© 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 49 Connecting to the Internet Sharing an Internet Connection Sharing a Dial-up Connection Share with other computers on a LAN or WLAN Windows 98 SE, Windows Me, Windows 2000, and Windows XP have connection features Sharing a Broadband Connection Share from a single computer Share through a broadband router

McGraw-Hill/Irwin© 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 50 Connecting to the Internet Using a Virtual Private Network Makes connections to a private network over the Internet more secure Remote access VPN over dial-up connections Site-to-site VPN connects two networks Creates a “tunnel” between endpoints Additional security with data encrypting and authentication of endpoints

McGraw-Hill/Irwin© 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 51 Internet Clients Web Browsers Simplify navigation of the Web Translate plain text language into rich, colorful pages Netscape Navigator Internet Explorer Others Firefox from Mozilla Opera

McGraw-Hill/Irwin© 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 52 Internet Clients Web Browsers (continued) Browser Configuration Options In Netscape Navigator select Edit | Preferences | Navigator In Internet Explorer select Tools | Internet Options GeneralSecurity PrivacyContent ConnectionsPrograms Advanced

McGraw-Hill/Irwin© 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 53 Internet Clients Clients Scope of Internet exploded in two decades Mail client may be specific to the mail server Mail client may be capable of accessing a variety of servers Mail client retrieves messages and displays list of all messages User selects, responds, saves, creates new, adds attachments to outgoing, and sends messages

McGraw-Hill/Irwin© 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 54 Internet Clients Clients (continued) Outlook Separate product or included with Microsoft Office Client to Exchange and other mail services Core features Additional productivity features

McGraw-Hill/Irwin© 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 55 Internet Clients Clients (continued) Outlook Express Bundled with Windows client and news reader Lacks features of Outlook Internet accounts only Multiple accounts

McGraw-Hill/Irwin© 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 56 Internet Clients Clients (continued) Configuring and Using an Client Information needed  Type of mail server (POP3, IMAP, or HTTP)  Account name and password  DNS name of incoming mail server  Name of outgoing mail server Obtain information from:  ISP for Internet mail service  Network administrator for internal mail service

McGraw-Hill/Irwin© 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 57 Internet Clients Step-by-Step Configure an Client Page 518

McGraw-Hill/Irwin© 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 58 Internet Clients FTP Clients FTP transfers files between FTP servers and clients Simple and fast file transfer over TCP/IP Pre-WWW FTP clients character-based Now a variety of GUI FTP clients Dedicated FTP clients have more features Anonymous FTP

McGraw-Hill/Irwin© 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 59 Internet Clients FTP Clients (continued) Anonymous FTP User name and password not required Users connect using Anonymous account Users have permissions assigned to Anonymous

McGraw-Hill/Irwin© 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 60 Internet Clients FTP Clients (continued) Configuring an FTP client Information needed  Host name of the FTP server  User ID and password (if applicable)  Account (if applicable)  Passive mode and/SSL connections (if applicable)

McGraw-Hill/Irwin© 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 61 Troubleshooting Common Network Client Problems Testing IP Configurations and Connectivity Verifying IP Configuration with IPCONFIG Troubleshooting connection Errors with PING

McGraw-Hill/Irwin© 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 62 Troubleshooting Common Network Client Problems Step-by-Step Testing an IP Configuration Page 522

McGraw-Hill/Irwin© 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 63 Troubleshooting Common Network Client Problems Troubleshooting Connection Problems with TRACERT Discover why a connection to a web site is slow Traces the route taken by packets Pings each of the intervening routers Shows time of response from each router Reveals bottlenecks

McGraw-Hill/Irwin© 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 64 Troubleshooting Common Network Client Problems Troubleshooting DNS Errors by Using PING, NETSTAT, and NSLOOKUP “Cannot find server or DNS Error?” Name resolution? Connectivity problem?  PING IP address  PING domain name  Use another computer to connect to web site  Use NETSTAT to discover IP address  Troubleshoot DNS with NSLOOKUP

McGraw-Hill/Irwin© 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 65 Troubleshooting Common Network Client Problems Troubleshooting Logon Problems 60-80% of help desk calls involve forgotten password Avoid problems by memorizing passwords After a logon failure Ensure that Caps Lock is not on, and carefully reenter If correct user name and password were used and failed, treat it like a connectivity problem If no connectivity problem, call network admin or ISP