1 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. CHAPTER 17 REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

2 MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM THE PRIMARY FUNCTIONS OF THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM ARE:- THE PRIMARY FUNCTIONS OF THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM ARE:- [1] PRODUCTION OF MALE HORMONES. [2] FORMATION OF SPERMS. [3] PLACEMENT OF SPERMS IN THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE TRACT. FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE TRACT.

3 MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM THE ORGANS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS:- SCROTUM:- TEMPERATURE REGULATION AND PROTECTION OF THE TESTES. SCROTUM:- TEMPERATURE REGULATION AND PROTECTION OF THE TESTES. TESTES:- SPERMS PRODUCTION & THE SECRETION OF MALE SEX HORMONES. TESTES:- SPERMS PRODUCTION & THE SECRETION OF MALE SEX HORMONES. DUCTS:- STORE & TRANSPORT SPERMS. DUCTS:- STORE & TRANSPORT SPERMS. ACCESSORY GLANDS:- SECRETION OF THE FLUID PART OF THE SEMEN. ACCESSORY GLANDS:- SECRETION OF THE FLUID PART OF THE SEMEN. PENIS:- MALE ORGAN OF COPULATION. PENIS:- MALE ORGAN OF COPULATION.

4 MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

5 TESTES COVERED BY A MEMBRANE OF FIBROUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE AND CONTAIN:- COVERED BY A MEMBRANE OF FIBROUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE AND CONTAIN:- SEMINEFEROUS TUBULES LINED WITH SPERMATOGENIC CELLS THAT DEVELOP TO FORM SPERMS AND SUPPORTING CELLS FOR THE SPERMS NOURISHMENT. SEMINEFEROUS TUBULES LINED WITH SPERMATOGENIC CELLS THAT DEVELOP TO FORM SPERMS AND SUPPORTING CELLS FOR THE SPERMS NOURISHMENT. INTERSTITIAL CELLS SECRETE THE MALE SEX HORMONES CALLED ANDROGENS. INTERSTITIAL CELLS SECRETE THE MALE SEX HORMONES CALLED ANDROGENS.

6TESTES

7 SPERMATOGENESIS IS THE PROCESS THAT PRODUCE SPERMS IS THE PROCESS THAT PRODUCE SPERMS IT START AT PUPERTY AND PROCEED IN THE FOLLOWING STEPS:- IT START AT PUPERTY AND PROCEED IN THE FOLLOWING STEPS:- SPERMATOGONIA DIVIDE BY MITOSIS TO FORM PRIMARY SPERMATOCYTES. SPERMATOGONIA DIVIDE BY MITOSIS TO FORM PRIMARY SPERMATOCYTES. PRIMARY SPERMATOCYTES DIVIDE BY MEIOSIS TO FORM SECONDARY SPERMATOCYTES. PRIMARY SPERMATOCYTES DIVIDE BY MEIOSIS TO FORM SECONDARY SPERMATOCYTES.

8 SPERMATOGENESIS SECONDARY SPERMATOCYTES DIVIDE BY MEIOSIS TO FORM SPERMATIDS. SECONDARY SPERMATOCYTES DIVIDE BY MEIOSIS TO FORM SPERMATIDS. SPERMATIDS UNDERGO STRUCTURAL CHANGES IN SHAPE TO FORM SPERMS. SPERMATIDS UNDERGO STRUCTURAL CHANGES IN SHAPE TO FORM SPERMS. A MATURE SPERM CELL CONSIST OF A HEAD, BODY AND FLAGELLUM TAIL. A MATURE SPERM CELL CONSIST OF A HEAD, BODY AND FLAGELLUM TAIL. THE HEAD CONTAIN THE NUCLEUS AND IS COVERED BY THE ACROSOME. THE HEAD CONTAIN THE NUCLEUS AND IS COVERED BY THE ACROSOME.

9SPERMATOGENESIS

10SPERMATOGENESIS

11 SUPPORTING CELL

12 THE SPERM

13SPERMS

14 DUCTS EPIDIDYMIS:- SPERM CELLS MATURE AS THEY MOVE THROUGH THE EPIDIDYMIS. EPIDIDYMIS:- SPERM CELLS MATURE AS THEY MOVE THROUGH THE EPIDIDYMIS. VAS DEFERENS:- MOVE SPERMS FROM EPIDIDYMIS TO EJACULATORY DUCT. VAS DEFERENS:- MOVE SPERMS FROM EPIDIDYMIS TO EJACULATORY DUCT. EJACULATORY DUCT:- MOVE SPERMS & FLUID FROM SEMINAL VESICLES INTO THE URETHRA. EJACULATORY DUCT:- MOVE SPERMS & FLUID FROM SEMINAL VESICLES INTO THE URETHRA. URETHRA:- URINE DURING URINATION AND SEMEN DURING EJACULATION. URETHRA:- URINE DURING URINATION AND SEMEN DURING EJACULATION.

15 ACCESSORY GLANDS SECRETE THE ALKALINE FLUID PART OF THE SEMEN THAT NEUTRALIZE ACIDITY. SECRETE THE ALKALINE FLUID PART OF THE SEMEN THAT NEUTRALIZE ACIDITY. SEMINAL VESICLES:- ALKALINE FLUID CONTAINING FRUCTOSE FOR SPERMS NUTRITION AND ENERGY. SEMINAL VESICLES:- ALKALINE FLUID CONTAINING FRUCTOSE FOR SPERMS NUTRITION AND ENERGY. PROSTATE:- ALKALINE SECRETION THAT ACTIVATE SPERMS MOVEMENT. PROSTATE:- ALKALINE SECRETION THAT ACTIVATE SPERMS MOVEMENT. BULBOURETHRAL: ALKALINE MUCUSLIKE SECRETION FOR LUBRICATION. BULBOURETHRAL: ALKALINE MUCUSLIKE SECRETION FOR LUBRICATION.

16 PENIS BODY OF PENIS IS MADE FROM THREE COLUMNS OF ERECTILE TISSUE:- BODY OF PENIS IS MADE FROM THREE COLUMNS OF ERECTILE TISSUE:- TWO CORPORA CAVERNOSA TWO CORPORA CAVERNOSA ONE CORPUS SPONGIOSUM ONE CORPUS SPONGIOSUM GLANS PENIS IS MADE BY EXPANSION OF THE CORPUS SPONGIOSUM. GLANS PENIS IS MADE BY EXPANSION OF THE CORPUS SPONGIOSUM. PREPUCE IS A SKIN SHEATH COVERING THE GLANS PENIS. PREPUCE IS A SKIN SHEATH COVERING THE GLANS PENIS.

17 HORMONAL REGULATION SYSTEM HYPOTHALAMUS:- GONADOTROPIN RELEASING HORMONE [GnRH]. HYPOTHALAMUS:- GONADOTROPIN RELEASING HORMONE [GnRH]. PITUITARY:-LUTEINIZING HORMONE [LH] FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE [FSH] PITUITARY:-LUTEINIZING HORMONE [LH] FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE [FSH] TESTES:- TESTOSTERONE. TESTES:- TESTOSTERONE. NEGATIVE FEEDBACK FROM HIGH LEVELS OF TESTOSTERONE INHIBIT LH, FSH AND GnRH SECRETIONS. NEGATIVE FEEDBACK FROM HIGH LEVELS OF TESTOSTERONE INHIBIT LH, FSH AND GnRH SECRETIONS.

18 HORMONAL REGULATION SYSTEM

19 FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM PRIMARY FUNCTIONS OF THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM ARE:- PRIMARY FUNCTIONS OF THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM ARE:- [1] PRODUCTION OF FEMALE HORMONES. [2] FORMATION OF THE OVUM. [3] DEVELOPMENT OF THE OFFSPRINGS.

20 FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM THE ORGANS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS:- OVARIES:- PRODUCE HORMONES & OVA. OVARIES:- PRODUCE HORMONES & OVA. UTERINE TUBES:- TRANSPORT THE OVA. UTERINE TUBES:- TRANSPORT THE OVA. UTERUS:- OFFSPRING DEVELOPMENT. UTERUS:- OFFSPRING DEVELOPMENT. CERVIX:- PROTECTION OF UTERUS. CERVIX:- PROTECTION OF UTERUS. VAGINA:- BIRTH CANAL & THE FEMALE ORGAN OF COPULATION. VAGINA:- BIRTH CANAL & THE FEMALE ORGAN OF COPULATION. EXTERNAL GENITALIA:- CLITORIS, LABIA MAJORA AND LABIA MINORA. EXTERNAL GENITALIA:- CLITORIS, LABIA MAJORA AND LABIA MINORA.

21 FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS

22 FEMAL REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS

23 FEMALE EXTERNAL GENITALIA

24 THE BREAST DEVELOPMENT OF THE BREAST DUCTS AND DEPOSITION OF FAT IN THE BREAST TISSUE IS STIMULATED BY ESTROGEN. DEVELOPMENT OF THE BREAST DUCTS AND DEPOSITION OF FAT IN THE BREAST TISSUE IS STIMULATED BY ESTROGEN. DEVELOPMENT OF THE BREAST ALVEOLI IS STIMULATED BY PROGESTRONE. DEVELOPMENT OF THE BREAST ALVEOLI IS STIMULATED BY PROGESTRONE. MILK PRODUCTION BY BREAST ALVEOLI IS STIMULATED BY PROLACTIN. MILK PRODUCTION BY BREAST ALVEOLI IS STIMULATED BY PROLACTIN. MILK – LET – DOWN OR MILK - EJECTION IS STIMULATED BY OXYTOCIN. MILK – LET – DOWN OR MILK - EJECTION IS STIMULATED BY OXYTOCIN.

25 THE BREAST

26 OOGENESIS IS THE PROCESS OF OVA FORMATION OOGONIA > PRIMORDIAL FOLLICLE > PRIMARY FOLLICLE > SECONDARY FOLLICLE > MATURE FOLLICLE > OVULATION & RELEASE OF OVUM > CORPUS LUTEUM > CORPUS ALBICANS

27OOGENESIS

28 MATURE FOLLICLE & OOCYTE

29 THE OOCYTE PRIMARY OOCYTE > FIRST MEIOTIC DIVISION > SECONDARY OOCYTE & THE FIRST POLAR BODY. PRIMARY OOCYTE > FIRST MEIOTIC DIVISION > SECONDARY OOCYTE & THE FIRST POLAR BODY. IF FERTILIZED, SECONDARY OOCYTE > SECOND MEIOTIC DIVISION > ZYGOTE & SECOND POLAR BODY. IF FERTILIZED, SECONDARY OOCYTE > SECOND MEIOTIC DIVISION > ZYGOTE & SECOND POLAR BODY. BOTH POLAR BODIES DEGENERATE. BOTH POLAR BODIES DEGENERATE.

30 THE OOCYTE

31 OOGENESIS & THE OOCYTE

32 THE FEMALE HORMONES HYPOTHALAMUS:- GONADOTROPIN RELEASING HORMONE [GnRH]. HYPOTHALAMUS:- GONADOTROPIN RELEASING HORMONE [GnRH]. PITUITARY:-LUTEINIZING HORMONE [LH] FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE [FSH] PROLACTIN [PRL] PITUITARY:-LUTEINIZING HORMONE [LH] FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE [FSH] PROLACTIN [PRL] OVARY:- OVARY:- DEVELOPING FOLLICLE:- ESTROGEN. DEVELOPING FOLLICLE:- ESTROGEN. CORPUS LUTEUM:- PROGESTRONE. CORPUS LUTEUM:- PROGESTRONE.

33 THE FEMALE HORMONES FUNCTIONS FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE [FSH] STIMULATE FOLLICULAR DEVELOPMENT, MATURATION & ESTROGEN SECRETION. FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE [FSH] STIMULATE FOLLICULAR DEVELOPMENT, MATURATION & ESTROGEN SECRETION. LUTEINIZING HORMONE [LH] STIMULATE THE CORPUS LUTEUM FORMATION AND PROGESTRONE SECRETION. LUTEINIZING HORMONE [LH] STIMULATE THE CORPUS LUTEUM FORMATION AND PROGESTRONE SECRETION. PROLACTIN [PRL] STIMULATE BREAST ALVEOLI MILK PRODUCTION. PROLACTIN [PRL] STIMULATE BREAST ALVEOLI MILK PRODUCTION.

34 ESTROGEN FUNCTIONS GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT OF FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS. GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT OF FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS. DEVELOPMENT OF FEMALE SECONDARY SEXUAL CHARACTERISTICS. DEVELOPMENT OF FEMALE SECONDARY SEXUAL CHARACTERISTICS. GROWTH OF UTERINE ENDOMETRIUM. GROWTH OF UTERINE ENDOMETRIUM. GROWTH OF THE BREAST DUCT SYSTEM. GROWTH OF THE BREAST DUCT SYSTEM.

35 PROGESTRONE FUNCTIONS STIMULATION OF UTERINE GLANDS SECRETION. STIMULATION OF UTERINE GLANDS SECRETION. GROWTH OF THE BREAST ALVEOLI. GROWTH OF THE BREAST ALVEOLI. INHIBITION OF UTERINE MUSCLES CONTRACTIONS DURING PREGNANCY TO PREVENT EXPULSION OF THE FETUS INHIBITION OF UTERINE MUSCLES CONTRACTIONS DURING PREGNANCY TO PREVENT EXPULSION OF THE FETUS

36 THE FEMALE MENSTRUAL CYCLES ARE CYCLIC CHANGES IN THE FEMALE ARE CYCLIC CHANGES IN THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM THAT ARE CHARACTERIZED BY PERIODIC VAGINAL BLEEDING. THEY OCCUR AT THE SAME TIME AS:- OVARIAN CYCLE OVARIAN CYCLE UTERINE CYCLE UTERINE CYCLE

37 OVERIAN CYCLE FOLLICULAR PHASE:- THE DEVELOPMENT OF ONE PRIMARY FOLLICLE TO FORM A MATURE FOLLICLE. {ESTROGEN} FOLLICULAR PHASE:- THE DEVELOPMENT OF ONE PRIMARY FOLLICLE TO FORM A MATURE FOLLICLE. {ESTROGEN} OVULATION:- RUPTURE OF THE MATURE FOLLICLE TO RELEASE THE OVUM. OVULATION:- RUPTURE OF THE MATURE FOLLICLE TO RELEASE THE OVUM. LUTEAL PHASE:- FORMATION OF THE CORPUS LUTEUM FROM THE RUPTURED MATURE FOLLICLE. {PROGESTRONE} DEATH OF THE CORPUS LUTEUM WILL FORM A CORPUS ALBICANS. LUTEAL PHASE:- FORMATION OF THE CORPUS LUTEUM FROM THE RUPTURED MATURE FOLLICLE. {PROGESTRONE} DEATH OF THE CORPUS LUTEUM WILL FORM A CORPUS ALBICANS.

38 UTERINE CYCLE MENSTRUATION:- BREAKDOWN OF THE UTERINE ENDOMETRIUM AND VAGINAL BLEEDING DUE TO LOW ESTROGEN AND PROGESTRONE LEVELS. MENSTRUATION:- BREAKDOWN OF THE UTERINE ENDOMETRIUM AND VAGINAL BLEEDING DUE TO LOW ESTROGEN AND PROGESTRONE LEVELS. PROLIFERATIVE PHASE:- GROWTH OF THE UTERINE ENDOMETRIUM UNDER ESTROGEN STIMULATION. PROLIFERATIVE PHASE:- GROWTH OF THE UTERINE ENDOMETRIUM UNDER ESTROGEN STIMULATION. SECRETORY PHASE:- STIMULATION OF THE UTERINE GLANDS SECRETION BY PROGESTRONE. SECRETORY PHASE:- STIMULATION OF THE UTERINE GLANDS SECRETION BY PROGESTRONE.

39 THE MENSTRUAL CYCLES

40 BIRTH CONTROL METHODS HORMONAL METHODS:- HORMONAL METHODS:- PILL–PATCH– NORPLANT – DEPO-PROVERA BARRIERS:- BARRIERS:- CONDOM - DIAPHRAM - CERVICAL CAP OTHERS:- OTHERS:- SPERMICIDES – RHYTHM -TUBAL LIGATION – VASECTOMY – INTRAUTERINE DEVICE

41 CONDOM

42 A DIAPHRAM & SPERMICIDE JELLY

43 SPERMICIDE GEL

44 THE PILLS

45 INTRAUTERINE DEVICE {IUD}