Maraco Inc. 2014

What Is GasPal? 2

What Is GasPal? GasPal is an integrated gas reservoir simulator that Integrates formation, tubing and surface lines Models multiple phase flow in formation and pipes Combines cluster of reservoirs with multiple layers Allows multiple offtake points Allows loops and splits in surface network Models production and injection wells for storage reservoirs Has different production modes such as Free Flow, DCQ and Nomination Makes short, mid and long term planning with hourly, daily and monthly time step Imposes quality constraints such as CO2 content 3

Integrated Nodal Analysis 4 Layer 1 Layer 2 Layer 3 Reservoir Tubing Aquifer Surface Surface Line Gas

Modeling Each Reservoir With Arbitrary Grids 5 Arbitrary grids allow fewer cells to model a reservoir effectively. Fewer cells translate to fast simulation. GasPal models well interference effectively with a grid tailored to the reservoir by the user.

Modeling Gas, Water and Oil Flows in Reservoir 6

Modeling Multiple Phase Flow in Tubing 7 Industry standard correlations are used to model tubing pressure drop for multiple phase flow. Users can further calibrate each correlation against well test data, using a least squares method imbedded in an effective proprietary algorithm.

Modeling Fluid Flow in a Surface Network Loops and splits in surface lines 2.Multiple offtake points 3.Compressors and other surface facilities such as separators

Model Production System With Multiple Platforms and Complex Surface Network 9

Why GasPal? 10

GasPal Is Versatile GasPal can model a production system as simple as a single simulation cell, single layer, or as complex as 50+ platforms with 800+ wells and layers. GasPal can make short, medium and long term forecasts with hourly, daily, weekly or monthly time steps. GasPal has multiple production modes to model different scenarios: Free flow without choke and other mechanical restrictions Limited flow considering sand-control, pipe vibration, market demand, spare capacity, CO2 constraints and more. 11

GasPal Is Fast A typical 30-years simulation run takes Seconds for a single platform Minutes for a moderate complex system Less than 2 hours for a 800+ wells, 5000+layer system Fast simulation allows users to make different case- studies to answer “what-if” questions quickly 12

GasPal Is User-Friendly: Input GasPal runs on any Windows-based computers without special requirements. GasPal has carefully crafted Graphic User Interface, designed by petroleum engineers, used and improved by petroleum engineers Users can enter data Using conventional methods such as typing data reservoir by reservoir, or Using copy-and-paste from Excel through several “Grand Data Input” panels 13

GasPal Is User-Friendly: Output GasPal has extensive built in output graphs (150+ types and growing) so users can analyze the simulation results without leaving GasPal. GasPal also writes output results into MDB database files so users can use existing tools to do other analyses GasPal can also export output into text/CSV files that can be readily loaded into Excel. 14

Sample Output and Menu for Output 15

GasPal Has Many Features Convenient history match Well gas, water and condensate rates Flowing, wellhead and gauge pressure Manifold pressure, rate and CO2 content Numerous well inflow options Standard Darcy’s law (drainage radius, k, h & skin) AB method C/n method, etc. Numerous ways to model water and condensate productions Darcy’s law and relative permeability curves Empirical WGR/CGR curves for wells or layers 16

Continuously Improving GasPal is updated regularly to add new features. Some of the recent additions are Well and surface facility downtime Platform maintenance scheduling Gray well cutoff rate method Non-adiabatic compression modeling Liquid removal at various surface locations Time-dependent surface network 17

Fast Services From Maraco Quick response to answer users questions Proactive to new features requested by users 18

Dr. Elmer Dougherty President, founder Maraco. Professor Emeritus, Petr & Chem Eng, USC - University of Southern California SPE – Distinguished Member & Legion of Honor 50 years of reservoir simulation and optimization experience. 19

Dr. Jincai Chang Petroleum consultant and software engineer. 23 years of experience in reservoir simulation and optimization Teaching “Reservoir Simulation” at University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA 20