Chapter Two Joseph Tomchak AP English 9/12/11

Close Reading Close reading is the analysis of a text, which can reveal many factors such as style When reading one notices small details, than the larger idea Conversely, when writing an essay one moves from the large picture to the small details in order to prove the point

Analyzing style Many factors are used in analysis such as: – Tone, the speaker’s attitude toward the audience – Sentence structure – Vocabulary Style is the distinctive quality of speech or writing created by the selection and arrangement of words and figures of speech

Diction Choice of words Artful diction (figures of speech) are called tropes Examples of tropes are – Metaphor – Simile – Personification – Hyperbole

More things to look for – Archaic, or old fashioned, diction

Syntax Arrangement of words Artful syntax (sentence arranged for rhetorical effect) are called schemes Examples of schemes are – Parallelism, the repetition of similar grammatical or syntactical patterns – Juxtapositions, or he placement of two things side by side for emphasis – Antithesis, or parallel structure that places opposite ideas next to each other

More things to look for – Periodic sentences are those that move toward something important at the end – Cumulative sentences are those that at detail to support an important idea at the beginning of the sentence – Complex sentences, ones that contain a subordinate clause – Declarative sentences, those that make statements – Anaphora, the repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive phrases, clauses, or lines – Hortative sentences, those that call for action

– Imperative sentence, a sentence that is used to command

Annotation Analysis of text involving marking it in the margins and addressing different stylistic devices Other things to identify – Thesis statement & topic sentences – Important imagery & detail Note Taking

Dialectical Journal Breaking down of the entire selection accompanied by a column of analysis Graphic Organizer Two column system of note taking On the left- important passages from the text On the right- the analysis of the passage

Analyzing a Visual Text The same rhetorical triangle (subject, audience, speaker) still applies Ethos, Pathos, Logos still applies Essentially same strategies except with the addition of visual aids

Other Important Tropes and Schemes Alliteration- repetition of the same sound beginning several words in a sequence Allusion- reference to a person, place, or event from another work or from reality Antimetabole- repetition of words in reverse order Asyndeton- Omission of conjunctions between clauses or words

Inversion- inverted order of words in a sentence (variation of the subject-verb-object order) Metonymy- using a single feature to represent the whole Oxymoron- the placement of contradicting words next to each other Zeugma- use of two different words in a grammatically similar way but producing different meanings