Bellwork Introduction to the Human Body Open your binder to the notes section, name 5 body systems Skeletal System ?

Introduction to the Human Body Levels of Structural Organization Chemical: atoms and molecules Cellular: cells and their organelles Tissue: groups of similar cells Organ: contains two or more types of tissues Organ system: organs that work closely together Organism: all organ systems

Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules. 1 Organelle Atoms Molecule Smooth muscle cell 2 Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules. 1 Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules. Smooth muscle tissue Cardiovascular system 3 Tissue level Tissues consist of similar types of cells. Heart Blood vessels Blood vessel (organ) Smooth muscle tissue Connective tissue Epithelial tissue 4 Organ level Organs are made up of different types of tissues. Organismal level The human organism is made up of many organ systems. 6 5 Organ system level Organ systems consist of different organs that work together closely. Figure 1.1

Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules. 1 Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules. Figure 1.1, step 1

Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules. 1 Organelle Atoms Molecule Smooth muscle cell 2 Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules. 1 Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules. Figure 1.1, step 2

Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules. Organelle Atoms Molecule Smooth muscle cell 2 Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules. Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules. 1 Smooth muscle tissue 3 Tissue level Tissues consist of similar types of cells. Figure 1.1, step 3

Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules. Organelle Atoms Molecule Smooth muscle cell 2 Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules. Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules. 1 Smooth muscle tissue Tissue level Tissues consist of similar types of cells. 3 Blood vessel (organ) Smooth muscle tissue Connective tissue Epithelial tissue 4 Organ level Organs are made up of different types of tissues. Figure 1.1, step 4

Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules. 2 Organelle Atoms Molecule Smooth muscle cell Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules. 2 Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules. 1 Smooth muscle tissue Cardiovascular system 3 Tissue level Tissues consist of similar types of cells. Heart Blood vessels Blood vessel (organ) Smooth muscle tissue Connective tissue Epithelial tissue 4 Organ level Organs are made up of different types of tissues. Organ system level Organ systems consist of different organs that work together closely. 5 Figure 1.1, step 5

Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules. 1 Organelle Atoms Molecule Smooth muscle cell 2 Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules. 1 Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules. Smooth muscle tissue Cardiovascular system 3 Tissue level Tissues consist of similar types of cells. Heart Blood vessels Blood vessel (organ) Smooth muscle tissue Connective tissue Epithelial tissue 4 Organ level Organs are made up of different types of tissues. Organismal level The human organism is made up of many organ systems. 6 5 Organ system level Organ systems consist of different organs that work together closely. Figure 1.1, step 6

Overview of Organ Systems Major organs make up 11 major organ systems

(a) Integumentary System Forms the external body covering, and Hair Skin Nails (a) Integumentary System Forms the external body covering, and protects deeper tissues from injury. Synthesizes vitamin D, and houses cutaneous (pain, pressure, etc.) receptors and sweat and oil glands. Figure 1.3a

Protects and supports body organs, Bones Joint (b) Skeletal System Protects and supports body organs, and provides a framework the muscles use to cause movement. Blood cells are formed within bones. Bones store minerals. Figure 1.3b

Allows manipulation of the environment, Skeletal muscles (c) Muscular System Allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression. Main- tains posture, and produces heat. Figure 1.3c

As the fast-acting control system of Brain Nerves Spinal cord (d) Nervous System As the fast-acting control system of the body, it responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands. Figure 1.3d

Glands secrete hormones that regulate Pineal gland Pituitary gland Thyroid gland Thymus Adrenal gland Pancreas Testis Ovary (e) Endocrine System Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells. Figure 1.3e

(f) Cardiovascular System Heart Blood vessels (f) Cardiovascular System Blood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, etc. The heart pumps blood. Figure 1.3f

(g) Lymphatic System/Immunity Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels Red bone marrow Thymus Lymphatic vessels Thoracic duct Spleen Lymph nodes (g) Lymphatic System/Immunity Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood. Disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream. Houses white blood cells (lymphocytes) involved in immunity. The immune response mounts the attack against foreign substances within the body. Figure 1.3g

(h) Respiratory System Keeps blood constantly supplied with Nasal cavity Pharynx Bronchus Larynx Trachea Lung (h) Respiratory System Keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide. The gaseous exchanges occur through the walls of the air sacs of the lungs. Figure 1.3h

Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for Oral cavity Esophagus Liver Stomach Small intestine Large intestine Rectum Anus (i) Digestive System Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells. Indigestible foodstuffs are eliminated as feces. Figure 1.3i

Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the Kidney Ureter Urinary bladder Urethra (j) Urinary System Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body. Regulates water, electrolyte and acid-base balance of the blood. Figure 1.3j

(k) Male Reproductive System (l) Female Reproductive System Mammary glands (in breasts) Prostate gland Ovary Penis Testis Ductus deferens Scrotum Uterine tube Uterus Vagina (k) Male Reproductive System (l) Female Reproductive System Overall function is production of offspring. Testes produce sperm and male sex hormone, and male ducts and glands aid in delivery of sperm to the female reproductive tract. Ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones. The remaining female structures serve as sites for fertilization and development of the fetus. Mammary glands of female breasts produce milk to nourish the newborn. Figure 1.3k-l

Organ Systems Interrelationships Organ systems work cooperatively to perform necessary life functions

Figure 1.2 Digestive system Takes in nutrients, breaks them down, and eliminates unabsorbed matter (feces) Respiratory system Takes in oxygen and eliminates carbon dioxide Food O2 CO2 Cardiovascular system Via the blood, distributes oxygen and nutrients to all body cells and delivers wastes and carbon dioxide to disposal organs Blood CO2 O2 Urinary system Eliminates nitrogenous wastes and excess ions Heart Nutrients Interstitial fluid Nutrients and wastes pass between blood and cells via the interstitial fluid Integumentary system Protects the body as a whole from the external environment Feces Urine Figure 1.2

The Skeletal System Functions of the Skeleton 5 major functions: It provides shape and support. Enables you to move. Protects your internal organs. Produces red blood cells. Stores materials until later use. Next

Allows the body to move in a wide range of positions and movements Joint Allows the body to move in a wide range of positions and movements Back

The strong tissue that connects bone to bone. Ligament The strong tissue that connects bone to bone. Back

Tendon Tissue that connects bone to muscle.

Osteoporosis A condition in which bones become very weak and break more easily as holes form in the bone. Back

The Cranium #1 Also known as the Skull, the Cranium helps protect the brain. Back

Also known as the lower jaw. The Mandible #2 Also known as the lower jaw. Back

The Clavicle #3 Also known as the Collar Bone, the clavicle makes up most of the shoulder. Back

Also known as the Breast Bone. The Sternum #4 Also known as the Breast Bone. Back

The upper half of your arm. The Humerus #5 The upper half of your arm. Back

Protects most of the bodies internal organs. The Ribs #6 Protects most of the bodies internal organs. Back

The Vertebral Column #7 Also known as the spine, this set of 26 bones allows you to bend down, and sit up strait. Back

Connects the lower half of your body to the upper half. The Pelvic Girdle #8 Connects the lower half of your body to the upper half. Back

One of the two bones that make up your lower arm. The Radius #9 One of the two bones that make up your lower arm. Back

One of the two bones that make up your lower arm. The Ulna #10 One of the two bones that make up your lower arm. Back

Connect the Metacarpals and Phalanges to the arm. The Carpals #11 Connect the Metacarpals and Phalanges to the arm. Back

The Metacarpals #12 Also known as the knuckles, the metacarpals connect your fingers to the rest one your hand. Back

The Phalanges allow your fingers and toes to move. The Phalanges # 13 and 20 The Phalanges allow your fingers and toes to move. Back

The Femur #14 The femur is the largest bone in the body, and makes up the upper half of the leg. Back

The Patella #15 The patella, also known as your knee, is a circular bone that connects your tibia to your femur. Back

One of the two bones in your lower leg. The Tibia #16 One of the two bones in your lower leg. Back

One of the two bones in your lower leg. The Fibula #17 One of the two bones in your lower leg. Back

Also known as the ankle, the Tarsals connect your foot to your leg. Back

The Metatarsals #19 Make up your toes. Back

A set of 26 small bones that run down the center of your back. The vertebra A set of 26 small bones that run down the center of your back. Back