Copyright © 2011 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Abnormal Psychology: Leading Researcher Perspectives 2e by Rieger et al. 2-1 Copyright © 2011 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Abnormal Psychology: Leading Researcher Perspectives 2e by Rieger et al. Edited by Elizabeth Rieger Images, Figures and Tables Chapter Abnormal Psychology Leading Researcher Perspectives

Anxiety disorders arise when the frequency or intensity of anxiety interferes with everyday activities. The threat posed by the Global Financial Crisis elicited a variety of anxiety responses. Copyright © 2011 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Abnormal Psychology: Leading Researcher Perspectives 2e by Rieger et al. 2-2 Herb Jurkiewicz

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Copyright © 2011 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Abnormal Psychology: Leading Researcher Perspectives 2e by Rieger et al. 2-4 Figure 1 The fight or flight response

Copyright © 2011 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Abnormal Psychology: Leading Researcher Perspectives 2e by Rieger et al. 2-5 Figure 2 Characterisation of Barlow’s (2002) triple vulnerability leading to an anxiety disorder

Copyright © 2011 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Abnormal Psychology: Leading Researcher Perspectives 2e by Rieger et al. 2-6 Figure 3 The relationships between three dimensions of emotion across the anxiety disorders and depression as found by Brown and Barlow (2009)

Copyright © 2011 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Abnormal Psychology: Leading Researcher Perspectives 2e by Rieger et al. 2-7 Figure 4 The interaction of vulnerabilities giving rise to panic disorder

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Susie O’Neill was distressed by her shyness. A main aspect of social anxiety is that the fear of social interaction results in a desire to avoid social situations. Copyright © 2011 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Abnormal Psychology: Leading Researcher Perspectives 2e by Rieger et al © Newspix/News Ltd

Compulsive washing is a common symptom of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Compulsive washing typically entails excessive handwashing, showering or toilet routines. Copyright © 2011 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Abnormal Psychology: Leading Researcher Perspectives 2e by Rieger et al. iStock 2-11

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Copyright © 2011 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Abnormal Psychology: Leading Researcher Perspectives 2e by Rieger et al Figure 5 The aetiology of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

Avoiding the pursuit of success as a way of controlling worry about the possibility of failure and disappointing others, as illustrated by Calvin’s classroom interaction with Susie in Calvin and Hobbes. Copyright © 2011 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Abnormal Psychology: Leading Researcher Perspectives 2e by Rieger et al Calvin and Hobbes, © 1988 Watterson. Distributed by Universal Press Syndicate. Reprinted with permission. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2011 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Abnormal Psychology: Leading Researcher Perspectives 2e by Rieger et al Figure 6 Mean interference scores (in milliseconds) for colour-naming negative words in the anxious, depressed and control groups

Proposed changes for anxiety disorders in DSM-V Specific Phobia: Since ‘excessive and unreasonable’ is difficult to define, one suggested revision for the DSM-V is the proposal that the phrase be operationalised as ‘fear or anxiety being disproportionate to the actual danger posed’. Since no previous editions of the DSM have specified a minimum period, the DSM-V may include a minimum period that the symptoms must have been present in order for the individual to meet diagnostic criteria. Agoraphobia: Agoraphobia is going to become a distinct disorder that may or may not occur with panic disorder. Copyright © 2011 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Abnormal Psychology: Leading Researcher Perspectives 2e by Rieger et al. 2-17

Proposed changes for anxiety disorders in DSM-V (continued) Social Phobia: An alternative typology being considered for inclusion in the DSM-V is the distinction between performance social phobia (if the anxiety is limited to performing or speaking in public) versus generalised social phobia (if the anxiety is evident in most social situations). OCD: It has been proposed to list the disorder in a separate category, namely, ‘Anxiety and Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Disorders’. It has also been proposed that the DSM-V should include an ‘Absent Insight’ specification for individuals who are completely convinced that their OCD beliefs are true. Copyright © 2011 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Abnormal Psychology: Leading Researcher Perspectives 2e by Rieger et al. 2-18

Proposed changes for anxiety disorders in DSM-V (continued) PTSD: The individual’s subjective response at the time of the traumatic event (i.e., one of intense fear, helplessness or horror) is proposed to be deleted. It is suggested that avoidance be redefined to only include active avoidance of thoughts and situations in recognition that these symptoms are distinct from more passive forms of avoidance, such as disinterest and withdrawal from usual activities. It is proposed that these latter symptoms be included in a new cluster that involves negative alterations in cognitions (e.g., negative evaluations about oneself and one’s future) and mood (e.g., persistent negative emotional states such as anger, guilt or shame). Copyright © 2011 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Abnormal Psychology: Leading Researcher Perspectives 2e by Rieger et al. 2-19

Proposed changes for anxiety disorders in DSM-V (continued) GAD: Excessive worry and anxiety across at least two life areas is proposed as the primary diagnostic criterion for GAD, while difficulty controlling worry and anxiety has been removed. Excessive anxiety and worry must be present more days than not for a period of at least three months, rather than six months. Only two of the current six associated physical symptoms have been retained—in ‘feelings of restlessness and being keyed up or on edge’ and ‘muscle tension’. The presence of behavioural symptoms has been introduced, including significant time spent avoiding or planning for potential threat, procrastinating or seeking reassurance because of worrying. It has been suggested that the disorder may be renamed ‘Generalised Anxiety and Worry Disorder’. Copyright © 2011 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Abnormal Psychology: Leading Researcher Perspectives 2e by Rieger et al. 2-20

Chapter 2 Summary Anxiety is characterised by distressing emotions, physical symptoms, cognitions (typically, thoughts of danger) and escape or avoidance behaviours. Anxiety disorders arise when the frequency or intensity of anxiety interferes with the individual’s capacity to function in everyday life. Cognitive-behavioural approaches dominate the understanding and treatment of anxiety disorders. Copyright © 2011 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Abnormal Psychology: Leading Researcher Perspectives 2e by Rieger et al. 2-21

Chapter 2 Summary (continued) The main anxiety disorders identified in the DSM-IV-TR are: –specific phobia—a marked and persistent fear that is excessive and unreasonable in response to a specific object or situation –panic disorder—presence of recurrent, unexpected panic attacks –social phobia—a marked and persistent fear of social and performance situations –obsessive-compulsive disorder—the occurrence of obsessions (e.g., persistent thoughts regarding contamination) and compulsions (e.g., washing and checking) –posttraumatic stress disorder—the predominant psychiatric disorder to occur after trauma exposure –generalised anxiety disorder—characterised by pervasive patterns of worry about a range of everyday topics that are experienced as uncontrollable. Copyright © 2011 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Abnormal Psychology: Leading Researcher Perspectives 2e by Rieger et al. 2-22