AP HUMAN GEOGRAPHY CH 31 REVIEW Geographies of Inequality: Race & Ethnicity

HUMANITY Consists of one race – HUMAN!!! Consists of one race – HUMAN!!! Humans = 99.9% Genetically Identical Humans = 99.9% Genetically Identical Humans differ physically Humans differ physically Dominant and Recessive Genes Dominant and Recessive Genes Differences used to create divisions Differences used to create divisions

Human Taxonomy

GENETICS - Bio branch of heredity Gene – Gene – basic unit of Heredity basic unit of Heredity Genotype – Genotype – Organism’s genetic makeup (blood type, body size, defects) Organism’s genetic makeup (blood type, body size, defects) Phenotype – Phenotype – Visible (physical) characteristics (hair, eye color, height) Visible (physical) characteristics (hair, eye color, height)

RACISM Divisions Based on visible / physical (phenotype) Divisions Based on visible / physical (phenotype) Assumed superiority / inferiority based on physical characteristics Assumed superiority / inferiority based on physical characteristics Skin Color as dividing force Skin Color as dividing force Rooted in CULTURAL – not biological Rooted in CULTURAL – not biological Anthropologists argue > only 1 race: HUMAN Anthropologists argue > only 1 race: HUMAN

Ethnicity Differs from race / racism – based on cultural history & heritage Differs from race / racism – based on cultural history & heritage Can overlap with racism – race used as a symbol / source of cultural division (minority) Can overlap with racism – race used as a symbol / source of cultural division (minority) Cultural Revival / Linkage Cultural Revival / Linkage

See Online Cheat Sheet!!!! Ethnicity Race Definition: An ethnic group or ethnicity is a population of human beings whose members identify with each other, on the basis of a real or a presumed common genealogy or ancestry. The term race refers to the concept of dividing people into populations or groups on the basis of various sets of physical characteristics which result from genetic ancestry.

EthnicityRace Significance: Ethnicity connotes shared cultural traits and a shared group history. Some ethnic groups also share linguistic or religious traits, while others share a common group history but not a common language or religion. Race presumes shared biological or genetic traits, whether actual or asserted. In the early 19th century, racial differences were ascribed significance in areas of intelligence, health, and personality. There is no evidence validating these ideas.

CHICAGO NEIGHBORHOODS

AFRICAN AM., HISPANIC, ASIAN POPULATIONS: 1990

CHICAGO 2010 One Dot = 25 People Red = White Blue = Black Orange = Hispanic Green = Asian

People / Places ETHNIC CLEANSING – ETHNIC CLEANSING – Slaughter / forced removal of Slaughter / forced removal of one ethnic group by another one ethnic group by another ETHNIC ISLAND – ETHNIC ISLAND – small ethnically homogeneous small ethnically homogeneous enclave within larger diverse Population context enclave within larger diverse Population context

Territory ENCLAVE – a distinct group that lives or operates together within a larger community (surrounded) ENCLAVE – a distinct group that lives or operates together within a larger community (surrounded) The IB program at LP The IB program at LP Kosovo in Serbia Kosovo in Serbia Chinatown in Chicago Chinatown in Chicago EXCLAVE – Part of one state isolated / separated from the main body by a foreign state (islands cannot be exclaves) EXCLAVE – Part of one state isolated / separated from the main body by a foreign state (islands cannot be exclaves) Alaska & USA Alaska & USA W. Berlin & W. Germany W. Berlin & W. Germany

C is A’s Enclave & B’s Exclave

D is B’s Exclave, but it is not an Enclave

Lesotho = Lesotho = ENCLAVE ENCLAVE Country Country

Exclave Alaska is of Alaska is of USA USA

Virginia’s Exclave Territory (also Fragmented!!!)