By: Kristen Wade. Short (~4 bps), non- contacted DNA sequences that do not directly interact with the binding protein Image adapted from:

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By: Kristen Wade

Short (~4 bps), non- contacted DNA sequences that do not directly interact with the binding protein Image adapted from:

 Location:  In the center of direct protein binding sites  Usually occur on the minor groove of DNA  Function:  Are essential for formation of B’ DNA ▪ Stretches DNA ▪ This allows for protein to access direct readout sites  Mechanism of regulation

- In Wu, et al 1992, the operator sites of phage P22’s repressor binding site were evaluated by their IDR sites. - Red box surrounds the IDR sites. The authors noted that a characteristic trait of these sequences is that of a greater base pair diversity, as compared to the surrounding direct readout sequences.

Top hits for proteins similar to Little E-0183 (repressor), Pham 54 Mostly in cluster A

 Little E did not have any good motif matches in its upstream sequence (where the operator sequences should be).  However, several of the other phages with similar proteins did…

 Phage U2 (3 rd match) had a motif with a consensus sequence at the 3 central bases that displayed more sequence diversity than the surrounding positions: g[CG][AGT][CT]t

Location of putative operator motifs (red) in the upstream sequence of U2 repressor. Central consensus sequence is identified in blue.

 In addition to U2, these other phages had the exact same IDR consensus sequence of g[CG][AGT][CT]t:  Skipole  Bxb1  Switzer  Doom  Lockley

 g[CG][AGT][CT]t is 100% conserved in 6 out of 17 phages with very closely related proteins  Likely represents a highly essential mechanism of indirect readout shared between these phages  However, that is assuming that these motifs do represent the correct operator sequences of each phage repressor  Only found on forward strand  Only three motifs, not 6

 Indirect readout of DNA sequence by p22 repressor: roles of DNA and protein functional groups in modulating DNA conformation. Lydia-Ann Harris, Derrick Watkins, Loren Dean Williams, Gerald B Koudelka (2013) Journal of molecular biology 425 (1) p Indirect readout of DNA sequence by p22 repressor: roles of DNA and protein functional groups in modulating DNA conformation.  Non-contacted bases affect the affinity of synthetic P22 operators for P22 repressor. L Wu, A Vertino, G B Koudelka (1992)The Journal of biological chemistry 267 (13) p Non-contacted bases affect the affinity of synthetic P22 operators for P22 repressor.  Image: