1 Introduction to TCP/IP and Internet Governance Sirak Kaewjamnong

2 What is TCP/IP Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol TCP/IP refers to an entire suite of networking protocol, developed for use on the Internet. TCP and IP are certainly two of the most important.

3 TCP/IP Characteristics TCP/IP provides the services necessary to interconnect computers and to interconnect networks, creating the Internet. Independent from underlying network topology, physical network hardware, and OS. Unique IP address Universal connectivity through out the network

4 TCP/IP Internetworking

5 TCP/IP Networking Software TCP/IP protocol suites define a set of universal communication service/ Service can be implemented in standardized manner in the networking software, normally bundled in OS.

6 TCP/IP and Internet 1957 USSR Spunik, USA establish ARPA 1969 ARPA funded ARPANET 1971 Network with 15 nodes 1973 Ethernet (Bob Metcalfe, Ph.D. Dissertation) 1983 TCP/IP as a core protocol 1983 BSD 4.2 (U. Berkeley ) with TCP/IP

7 TCP/IP Implementations BSD: first widely available TCP/IP release BSD: performance improvements BSD Tahoe: add slow start, congestion avoidance and fast retransmit BSD Reno: add TCP header prediction. SLIP compression, new routing table BSD: add multicasting

8 Internet Growth

9 Internet The world wide group of networks combined with TCP/IP Who control Internet? No single administrative organization IETF determines standards industry also preemptive control standards

10 Internet Technical Bodies Structure IESG WGWG WGWG IETF IAB ISOC International, nonprofit organization Promote research and other activities relating to the Internet Technical Advisor to the ISOC Oversee the development of TCP/IP protocol Internet Society Internet Architecture Board Internet Engineering Task Force Internet Research Task Force IRSG WGWG WGWG IRTF A forum of working groups managed by Internet Engineering Steering Group Develop of protocols and specifications for standardization A forum of working groups managed by Internet Research Steering Group Conduct long- term research

11 Internet Registries IP addresses space, Autonomous System Numbers (ASN), reverse resolution ARIN : North America APNIC : Asia-Pacific RIPE : Europe AFRINIC : Africa LACNIC : Latin American and Caribbean

12 Internet Standard Process RFC Internet Draft Proposed Standard Draft Standard Internet Standard official publication for Internet standard and other publications entry-level, protocol specifications should be stable technically at least 2 independence and interoperable implementation that test all specification functions have had significant field use and clear community interest in production use. draft version for informal review and comment Standard track

13 ICANN Formed in October 1998 Internationalization of Policy Functions for DNS and IP Addressing systems and Private Sector (Non-governmental) Management Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers

14 What does ICANN do? Coordinates policies relating to the unique assignment of: Top Level Domain Names (gTLDs, cTLDs) IP Address Protocol Port and Parameter Numbers Coordinates the DNS Root Server System - through Root Server System Advisory Committee Source: Andrew McLaughlin

15 Does ICANN regulate/govern? ICANN coordinates. What ICANN is NOT Technical Standard-Setting Body Internet Police Force Consumer Protection Agency Competition Authority Legislature or Court Source: Andrew McLaughlin

16 Situation Before ICANN Most Internet DNS and IP Address coordination functions performed by, or on behalf of, the US government Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) Information Sciences Institute (ISI) of University of Southern California Stanford Research Institute (SRI) National Science Foundation (NSF) IBM, MCI, and Merit AT&T, General Atomics, Network Solutions, Inc. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) US Department of Energy Source: Andrew McLaughlin

17 Jon Postel IANA Source: Andrew McLaughlin

18 What are the IANA functions? Protocol parameter assignments Under March 1, 2000 IETF/IAB/ICANN Memorandum of Understanding IP Address Allocations DNS root zone file management Source: Andrew McLaughlin

19 Need for Change  Globalization of Internet  Commercialization of Internet  Need for accountability  Need for more formalized management structure  Dissatisfaction with lack of competition  Trademark/domain name conflicts Source: Andrew McLaughlin

20 Status of Transition from USG 25 November, ICANN recognized in MoU June, Cooperative agreement among ICANN, US Government, root server operators 10 November, 1999 ICANN and Network Solutions sign gTLD registry and registrar agreements DoC transfers root authority over gTLDs to ICANN 9 February, 2000 Contract with US Government to complete transfer of IANA functions Year 2000: ccTLD registry agreements RIR (Regional Internet Registries) agreements LACNIC and AfriNIC Source: Andrew McLaughlin

21 ICANN Structure Business/Commercial Non-Commercial ISPs ccTLD Registries gTLD Registries Registrars Trademark and IP Domain Name Supporting Organization [3 Directors] APNIC ARIN RIPE NCC Address Supporting Organization [3 Directors] IETF W3C ITU-T ETSI Protocol Supporting Organization [3 Directors] At Large Members At Large Membership [9 Directors] ICANN Board of Directors [18 Directors + President and CEO] Governmental Advisory Committee Root Server System Advisory Committee Membership Task Force Funding Task Force

22 ICANN Board of Directors At Large Directors: Karl Auerbach (USA) Ivan Moura Campos (Brazil) Frank Fitzsimmons (USA) Masanobu Katoh (Japan) Hans Kraaijenbrink (Netherlands) Andy Mueller-Maguhn (Germany) Jun Murai (Japan) Nii Quaynor (Ghana) Linda S. Wilson (USA) ASO Directors: Rob Blokzijl (Netherlands) Lyman Chapin (USA) Sang-Hyon Kyong (South Korea) DNSO Directors: Amadeu Abril i Abril (Spain) Jonathan Cohen (Canada) Alejandro Pisanty (Mexico) PSO Directors: Helmut Schink (Germany) Vint Cerf (USA) - Chairman Phil Davidson (U.K.) ICANN President M. Stuart Lynn (USA)

23 New gTLDs.aero : aerospace.biz : business.coop : CoOp.info : Information.museum : museum under International Council of Museums.name : individual.pro : professionals

24 Registry and Registrar What is Registry? The organization responsible for the actual administration and maintenance to a top-level domain What is Registrar? The organization responsible for the actual registration of the domain name

25 Sample Registry/Registra DomainRegistryRegistrar.com,.net.,.orgVerisignSeveral accredited registrar.milDDN NICDDN NIC.eduEDUCAUSEEDUCAUSE.govU.S. GSAU.S. GSA.intIANAIANA.jpJPRSJPRS.caCIRA~70 accredited registrar.thTHNICTHNIC

26 Payment Path ICANN Registry Registrar Registrant

27 Redelegation Parties ICANN Old-Admin New-Admin Government Agency A process to transfer domain administrative authority