PHOME PHOtonic MEtamaterials FORTH, Crete, Greece Univ. of Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, Germany Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey Imperial College, London, England 1st Review Meeting August 31, 2009 London, UK FET-Open project FP

PHOME 1st review meeting Imperial College, London, UK August 31, :00 - 9:30 Overview by coordinator, Soukoulis 9:30 - 9:45 Discussion 9: :15 Activities in WP1 (Modeling) Kafesaki/Soukoulis 10: :30 Discussion 10: :45 Activities in WP1 (Theory) Aubry/Pendry 10: :15 Activities in WP2 & WP3 (Fabrication & Characterization) Rill/Wegener 11: :30 Discussion 11:30 -11:45 Activities in WP2 & WP3 (Fabrication & Characterization) Ozbay 11:45 -12:00 Discussion 12:00 -12:30 Internal discussion of Commission with reviewers 12:30 -12:45 Feedback from the Commission 12:45 Lunch

Participants of the PHOME project Theory: C. M. Soukoulis, E. N. Economou Maria Kafesaki, Th. Koschny Raluka Penciu, Nia-Hai Shen Experiment: N. Katsarakis, G. Deligiorgis T. Gundoglou, G. Kenakakis G. Konstandinidis Ekmel Ozbay M. Gokkavas K. Aydin, Z. Li I. Bulu, B. Alici H. Caglay J. Pendry A. Aubry FORTH Martin Wegener S. Linden, M. S. Rill M. Decker, M. Ruther C. E. Kriegler, M. Thiel

In the PHOME project we have three scientific work packages and two extra ones. WP1 (FORTH) deals with the modeling and theory of photonic metamaterials (PMMs) WP2 (Bilkent) deals with the fabrication of photonic metamaterials (GHz to THz) WP3 (Karlsruhe) deals with optical characterization and testing of PMMs WP4 (Imperial) deals with the dissemination of the PMMs results WP5 (FORTH) deals with the project management

List and schedule of milestones

Tasks and Deliverables for WP1 (Theory and Modeling) Tasks: T1.1. Design of 3d connected PMMs and the extraction of the effective parameters. T1.2. Software and method development to model 3d chiral metallic nanostructures. T1.3. Self-consistent calculations of incorporating gain and non-linearity in PMMs. Reduction of losses. T1.4. Blueprints for thin-film isolators, for electro-optic modulators and optical switching. Deliverables: D3=D1.1 (M12) Blueprints for bulk connected PMM and chiral structures. D5=D1.2 (M12) Report on self-consistent semi-classical theory of gain and non-linearity in PMMs. D9=D1.3 (M24) Blueprints of ICT relevant demonstrators such as: thin-film optical isolators, electro-optic modulators and optical switching. D11=D1.4 (M36) Assessment of the existence of IR and optical PMMs. WP1 Leader: FORTH

Tasks and Deliverables for WP2 (Fabrication of PMMs) Tasks: T2.1. Application of chemical-vapor-deposition (CVD) apparatus for metal coating of 3d templates from the inside. T2.2. Conversion of theoretical blueprints from WP1 into 3d polymer structures that can actually be made via direct laser writing and CVD coating. Test of the designs also in larger structures, operating at GHz range. T2.3. Optimization of successive electron-beam lithography, electron-beam evaporation, and planarization processes specifically for the novel materials and substrates involved T2.4. Realization of metamaterial structures allowing for electrical contacts (for electro-optic modulation). WP2 Leader: Bilkent

Deliverables for WP2 (Fabrication of PMMs) Deliverables: D4=D2.1 (M12) Fabrication of first bulk metallic magnetic metamaterials operating at optical frequencies made by direct laser writing (DLW) and metal chemical-vapor deposition (CVD) or metal electrochemistry (EC). Fabrication of structures operating at GHz and THz. D8=D2.2 (M24) Assessment of luminescent/gain materials incorporated into photonic metamaterials, enabling a decision whether loss compensation at optical frequencies is possible. If yes, the metamaterials can be used as optical modulators (ICT relevant), and even demonstrators of “perfect lenses” come in reach. D9=D2.3 (M24) Blueprints of ICT relevant demonstrators such as: thin-film optical isolators, electro-optic modulators and optical switching. D10=D2.4 (M24) Report on bulk chiral metamaterials made via successive electron-beam lithography. D11=D2.5 (M36) Assessment of the existence of IR and optical PMMs D12=D2.6 (M36) Report on the fabrication issues and optical characterization of bulk metamaterials made by DLW and CVD/EC WP2 Leader: Bilkent

Tasks: T3.1. Optical characterization of all PMMs made in WP2. T3.2. Linear optical characterization of all PMMs made in WP2 and parameter retrieval. T3.3. Experiments on frequency conversion from tailored structures designed in WP1 and fabricated in WP2. T3.4. Luminescence experiments on emitters embedded in or in the vicinity of PMMs under low (modified spontaneous emission) and high (gain) optical pumping. WP3 Leader: Karlsruhe Tasks and Deliverables for WP3 (Optical characterization and testing)

Deliverables: D6=D3.1 (M12) Characterization of the first bulk metallic magnetic metamaterials operating at optical frequencies made by direct laser writing (DLW) and metal chemical-vapor deposition (CVD) or metal electrochemistry (EC). D8=D3.2 (M24) Assessment of luminescent/gain materials incorporated into PMMs, enabling a decision whether loss compensation at optical frequencies is possible. If yes, the metamaterials can be used as optical modulators (ICT relevant), and even demonstrators of “perfect lenses” come in reach. D9=D3.3 (M24) Blueprints of ICT relevant demonstrators such as: thin-film optical isolators, electro-optic modulators and optical switching. D10=D3.4 (M24) Report on bulk chiral metamaterials and their optical properties, especially regarding potential use as an optical isolator as an ICT relevant device. D11=D3.5 (M36) Assessment of the existence of IR and optical PMMs D12=D3.6 (M36) Report on the fabrication issues and optical characterization of bulk metamaterials made by DLW and CVD/EC Deliverables for WP3 (Optical characterization and testing) WP3 Leader: Karlsruhe

Tasks and Deliverables for WP4 (Dissemination of project results) Tasks: T4.1: Connection of the PHOME’s research with the world-wide state of the art T4.2: Dissemination of PHOME results (publications, conferences, and workshops) T4.3: Contribution to portfolio and concentration activities at FET-Open level Deliverables: D01=D4.1 (M06) Web-page creation D13=D4.2 (M36) Final plan for dissemination and use of foreground D15=D4.3 (M36) Report on awareness and wider societal implications D16=D4.4 (M36) Photonic Metamaterials sessions at an international conference (FORTH – abstracts and proceedings submitted to EU) WP4 Leader: Imperial Tasks and Deliverables for WP5 (Consortium Management) WP5 Leader: FORTH

Design and realization of 3d photonic metamaterials. Design and fabrication of chiral photonic metamaterials. Realization of active optical materials with incorporation of gain and nonlinearity into photonic metamaterials. Understanding and reducing the losses in photonic metamaterials. Achievement of electro-optic modulation via photonic metamaterials Overall Program Objectives

WP1 Theory and Simulations: Development of modeling tools for transmission calculations and of an inversion procedure. Development of the retrieval procedure for chiral metamaterials (MMs). Find new designs for planar and non-planar chiral MMs that give n<0. Adopted two different techniques to reduce Ohmic losses based on geometric tailoring of the individual magnetic constituents. Developed a 2d self-consistent method to treat active materials in dispersive media. Compensate losses with gain, if possible. Presented connected bulk negative index photonic MMs for direct laser writing. Able to mimic the quantum EIT in classical systems as coupled SRRs. Dispersive engineering, slow-light and low losses. Proposed an implementation of a lossless superlens consisting of two phase- conjugating sheets.

WP2 & WP3 Fabrication and Measurements: Fabrication of a photonic metamaterial via 3d direct laser writing (DLW). Only magnetic response is shown. Fabricate and demonstrate that a chirality induced negative index of refraction is possible at GHz frequencies. For the first time, we fabricate non-planar chiral MMs and demonstratethat give n<0 and strongly optical activity.. Fabrication of pairs of twisted gold crosses at 1.5  m with strong optical activity. Demonstration of a nonlinear photonic MM by adding a nonlinear material (GaAs) to a SRR array. First realization of 3d gold-helix photonic MM via DLW into a positive-tone photoresist and subsequent infilling with gold via electroplating. Fabricated and demonstrated MM-based enhanced transmission and generation of Bessel beam through sub-  apertures.

WP4 Dissemination: 50 publications (published and submitted). 1 Science; 1 Nat. Mat.; 1 Nat. Phot.; 9 Opt. Express 3 Phys. Rev. Lett.; 8 Phys. Rev. B ; 7 Opt. Letters 40 invited conferences. 20 seminars at Universities and Institutions. Participation in the organization of conferences or sessions devoted in photonic metamaterials. PECS 8, Sydney, Australia, April 2009 OSA Annual Meeting, Rochester, New York, October XXIV Panhellenic Conference of Solis State Physics, Heraklion, Crete, Sept st International Workshop on Theoretical and Computational Nanophotonics, Bad Honnef, Dec Karlsruhe’s group discuss with industries about potential applications of Photonic MMs as optical isolators.

First demonstration of a photonic metamaterial (MM) via 3d direct laser writing. (Nature Mater. 7, 543 (2008)) Design, fabricated and characterized planar chiral MMs with n <0 at GHz. (PRB 79, (2009); PRB 79, (R) (2009); selected for a viewpoint in Physics 2, 3 (2009)) First fabrication of non-planar chiral MMs with n <0 at GHz. (Appl. Phys. Lett. 94, (2009)) Self-consistent calculations of metamaterials with gain. (Phys. Rev. B. 79, (R) (2009)) Fabrication of twisted-cross photonic MM at 1.5  m with strong optical activity. (Opt. Lett. 34, 2501 (2009)) Development of the retrieval procedure for chiral metamaterials (MMs). (PRB 79, (2009)) Dispersive engineering: EIT, Slow-light structures and low losses. (Phys. Rev. Lett. 102, (2009)) First realization of a three-dimensional gold-helix photonic metamaterials. (Science, 2009) Metamaterials based enhanced transmission through sub-wavelength apertures. (Phys. Rev. Lett. 102, (2009)) Generation of Bessel-like beam from a sub-wavelength aperture. (Phys. Rev. Lett. 102, (2009)) Progress Highlights for PHOME

Future Work: Fabrication of chiral MMs for 10 GHz, 6 THz, 30 THz and micron wavelengths. Extend the gain code in 3d so we can be able to treat realistic MMs. Realize the connected negative index 3d MM structure via direct laser writing and chemical vapor deposition or gold electroplating. Further explore the effects of SRR interactions in passive systems in view of the lasing SPACER. Study other geometries. Explore the possibility of obtaining negative phase velocity via chirality MMs. Further studies of compensating MM losses by introducing gain through the underlying semiconductor or polymer with gain dyes. Investigation of ways to obtain optical isolators using chiral MMs. Possible experimental implementation of a superlens consisting of two phase- conjugating sheets.

PHOME 1st review meeting Imperial College, London, UK August 31, :00 - 9:30 Overview by coordinator, Soukoulis 9:30 - 9:45 Discussion 9: :15 Activities in WP1 (Modeling) Kafesaki/Soukoulis 10: :30 Discussion 10: :45 Activities in WP1 (Theory) Aubry/Pendry 10: :15 Activities in WP2 & WP3 (Fabrication & Characterization) Rill/Wegener 11: :30 Discussion 11:30 -11:45 Activities in WP2 & WP3 (Fabrication & Characterization) Ozbay 11:45 -12:00 Discussion 12:00 -12:30 Internal discussion of Commission with reviewers 12:30 -12:45 Feedback from the Commission 12:45 Lunch