Global distribution of heat text. Spectra of incoming vs. outgoing radiation text.

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Presentation transcript:

Global distribution of heat text

Spectra of incoming vs. outgoing radiation text

Heat loss and gain from the oceans text

The Modern Ocean Conveyor Belt

North Atlantic circulation

North Atlantic

Atlantic deep-water circulation

Global deep-ocean circulation

Phanerozoic glaciation

Gondwana moves over the South Pole

Vail – 1 st & 2 nd order SL cycles

Sea level & spreading rates

Relation of Sea-Floor Age to Depth and Spreading Rate Pacific Atlantic SW Indian MOR Age of crust (My)

Cretaceous – fast spreading 6-8 cm/yr

Modern spreading – 3-4 cm/yr

Ocean basins and continental collision

Fragmented continents – high SL

Assembled continents riding high

Global ice volume

Vail – 1 st & 2 nd order SL cycles Cretaceous high

Cretaceous 100 Ma Land & ocean

Latitudinal heat distribution – Cretaceous

Modern deep-water circulation

Cretaceous deep-water circulation

Cretaceous sources of dense water

Mid-Cretaceous Europe

Cretaceous warm deep water circulation

Breaking up Pangaea

Opening the Atlantic – Pangaea / Permian

Opening the Atlantic – Permian

Opening the Atlantic – Triassic

Opening the Atlantic – Early Jurassic

Opening the Atlantic Middle Jurassic

Opening the Atlantic – Middle Jurassic

Opening the Atlantic – Late Jurassic

Opening the Atlantic – Early Cretaceous

Opening the Atlantic Middle Cretaceous

Opening the Atlantic – Middle Cretaceous

Opening the Atlantic – Late Cretaceous

Isotope record since the Late Cretaceous

Ice volume and isotopes

d18O of ice at poles

Isotope record since the Late Cretaceous

Ocean gateways – submarine plateaus

Isolating Antarctica

North Atlantic Iceland-Faeroe Ridge

North Atlantic features

Caribbean Sea Gulf of Mexico Panama Antilles Islands (volcanic) Puerto Rican Trench Amazon Cone Caribbean Sea Cayman Trough

South Atlantic South America Africa Antarctica Walvis Ridge Rio Grande Rise & Vema Channel Drake Passage

Walvis Ridge

Patagonia & Drake Passage Antarctic Peninsula (1) Falkland Plateau & IslandsFalkland Plateau & Islands (2) South Sandwich TrenchSouth Sandwich Trench & Islands

Southern Ocean Australia South America South Africa

Southern Indian Ocean Australia Africa Kerguelen Plateau Antarctica Tasman Plateau

Northern Indian Ocean 90 East Ridge Chagos- Laccadive Plateau

Australia & New Zealand

Cenozoic – Paleocene

Cenozoic – Eocene

Late Cenozoic Sea level

Cenozoic – Oligocene

Cenozoic – Miocene

Modern continental ice

High topography Western North America

Orographic effect

India collides

Tibetan Plateau

Looking into the Himalayas

Himalayas and monsoons

Sediment flux to ocean basins – 40 Ma

Strontium isotopes 400 Ma

Closure of Panama – Pliocene

Table SL fall 80 Ma