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Napoleon's Conquest of Europe

Napoleon  Born in Corsica 1769  Mastered military tactics at military schools  Joined army of new govt. during revolution – Oct helped protect National Convention (became hero)

Military Successes  Directory appoints him to command army – Beat Austria, Kingdom of Sardinia – Fights in N. Italy- makes alliances – Becomes most popular general in Europe

November 1799 Directory overthrown by Consulate  Coup d etat  Directory initially holds on – 500 troops in legislature – Vote to end Directory  Napoleon head of Consulate (3) – Dictatorial power seized

Support for Consulate  Keep previous reform  Solve current problems  Peasants, workers, merchants- promise of trade expansion, lower food prices, peasants keep land gained in Revolution

Support for Consulate  Nobles- pardons were offered to those who fled  Bourgeoisie- given govt. and army positions, promise of order, stable economy, trade

Second Coalition  st Coalition ends after campaign in Italy  nd Coalition formed – GB, Austria, Russia  Napoleon successful in N. Italy – Austria & Russia make peace – 1802 Peace of Amiens (GB) – 1 st time in 10 yrs- peace in Europe

Napoleon becomes Emperor  At 1 st act like an elected leader  1800 Plebiscite- vote approves constitution giving Napoleon all real power as 1 st consul  nd Plebiscite made him consul for life

1804 Napoleon takes title of Emperor  Title symbolizes control over France – Crowned himself (not Pope)  Social reforms of Revolution remain  Individual freedoms currently gained were ignored

Napoleon Restores Order  Kept many changes from Revolution  Secret police maintain power – Opposition crushed  Jacobins crushed after loyalists target him – German Bourbon (next in line) killed

Napoleon Restores Order  Economic order – Inflation slowed, balanced budget, national bank  Social order- had much support  Religious order- religion is political

Concordat of 1801  Agreement made with Pope Pius VII  Balanced rights of Church and State  State bishops, Church confirm – Bishops appoint priests  Religious freedom – Catholics had favored postition

Napoleonic Code 1801  All men treated as equals – 3 Estates abolished – Women lost any rights gained  NO feudalism and class privilege  Freedom of religion and property  Workers inferior to employer – No unions  Govt. support of education

Napoleonic Code  Limited liberty – Newspapers censored – Slavery restored in colonies  Easy for men to divorce  No primogeniture

Napoleonic Code  Napoleon announced he was above the law  “Things don’t work unless you break the law everyday” – Tie to Machiavelli

Napoleonic Wars  Napoleon wants to modernize & become master of Europe (Italy, Switz.)  Peace treaties are made with Russia, Austria, England  1803 War breaks out with England – France threatens her trade and sea power  France defeats Austria, Sweden, Prussia (who were in alliance against France w/ Russia)

Victories  Oct Battle of Ulm – Vienna, Austria taken  Dec Battle of Austerlitz – Austrian emperor makes peace  Oct Battle of Jena – Berlin taken from Prussia

Victories  June Battle of Friedland – Prussia’s Poland – Peace of Tilsit- Alexander I and Napoleon agree to divide Europe  Oct Battle of Trafalgar – Only loss to 3 rd Coalition – Nelson (GB) defeats French fleet – France decides not to invade GB

Napoleon dominates Europe  France greatest empire since Rome  Conquered land: – Annexed by France – Remained independent in name only – Attached by alliance (Prussia, Russia, Austria)  Large but unstable empire

Results of Napoleonic Wars  Napoleon brings Revolution’s reforms to Europe  Taxes conquered lands  Soldiers taken from conquered lands

Napoleon’s Downfall  Love of power = downfall  3 misjudgments – Cut off trade to England – Make brother king of Spain – Invasion of Russia

Continental System  1806 No French controlled land could trade w/ England  Aimed at England who was keeping ships from France  Plan= defeat England by striking at trade (industry) – France and lands under her would stop importing British goods

Continental System  Problem= England just traded with Spanish colonies, smuggled, and blocked (large navy) ports of France and her allies  Result= Middle class merchants turn against Napoleon – French economy weakened

Spain  1808 King of Spain forced to abdicate – Napoleon makes brother Joseph king

Peninsular War  Portugal defeated  Response- Spain and Portugal get help of British (guerilla)  England invades France  Spain regains her land after 5 years of war ( )  Significance- French troops held up(300,000 dead- France weakened, patriotism against Napoleon is inspired

Invasion of Russia  Russian was once allied with France  Why? – France afraid Russia would make alliance with England – Russia selling grain to England  June 1812 Napoleon invaded Russia with 614,000 men GRAND ARMY – Many not French (no loyalty)

Invasion of Russia  Russians retreat burning land and farms, France follows – Sept. 14- Moscow abandoned when French arrive – 100,000 French alive (NO FOOD) – Stay 5 weeks waiting for surrender (leave in Dec.)  Worst military in history (40,000 return)

Battle of the Nation  Oct Leipzig, Germany  Britain, Prussia, Austria, Russia, Sweden defeat Napoleon – Grand Alliance  Paris captured in March 1814 – Army cut to pieces – Generals do not want to fight, Napoleon does

The End (#1)…  April Napoleon abdicates – exiled to island of Elba (Italian coast)  Quadruple Alliance- formed to prevent attacks by France

The 100 Days  March 1, 1815 Napoleon returns from exile – support from King Louis XVIII’s soldiers – Becomes Emperor again  Grand Alliance gathers

The 100 Days  June 18, 1815 Napoleon defeated at Waterloo (Belguim) – European alliance led by Duke of Wellington – End of 100 Days – Napoleon’s last bid for power

The End (Again)…  Napoleon sent to St. Helena – Remote island in South Atlantic

Significance of Napoleon  French Revolution’s reforms and ideas were spread  Nationalism grew – Led to development of independent nations