British Colony ( CE) British East India Company attracted by wealth of Mogul India (spices, cotton, silk, indigo, salt, tea, and opium) Royal Charter in 1600 – allowed access to ports by Mogul emperors 1858 – British Crown assumed direct control (“The British Raj”)

Independence (1947) 1885 – Indian National Congress founded – Leaders educated in England – Eventually gained 15 million members and 70 million participants Mohandas Gandhi – Leader of Indian nationalism – Lawyer educated in London – Non-violent civil disobedience

Hindu-Muslim Relations Muslim minority worried about how they would be treated in an independent India Muhammad Ali Jinnah and the Muslim League demanded an independent Muslim state

Partition (1947) Two states: India and Pakistan (East & West) 12.5 million people displaced 500,000 – 1 million people dead (estimates) Problems: – Independence was declared prior to partition so the new states had to maintain order – No plans for large population movements – Breakdown of law and order; riots, massacres and death from the journey

India-Pakistan Conflicts Competition for strategically located states (ex: Kashmir) – Autonomous under British; chose to remain autonomous after independence – 70% Muslim but the Maharaja of Kashmir was Hindu – 1947, 1965, 1971 wars for Kashmir – Status has not changed – split between India, Pakistan, and China – Water India buildup of military/nuclear power – Himalayas no longer provide protection (Who does India need protection from?)