SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION:  Scientific investigation; Take an idea and test it.  A search for what we can know for sure.  Science threatened religious teachings as the source for people to get the unexpected explained.

ENLIGHTENMENT: Revolution in studying human behavior using Reason and the Scientific Method. To use “reason” to explain aspects of life: GovernmentGodEconomicsReality

Reason Decisions based on fact and logic, not myth, emotion, bigotry, prejudice (An absence of intolerance, bigotry, prejudice in one’s thinking.)

Nature: Happiness: Progress: Liberty: Original state of something or natural tendency Could be achieved by living by nature’s laws Society could improve by using a scientific approach To be free from undue control of; religion, speech, thought, trade, travel, pursuit of happiness

Social Contract People agreeing to give up liberty to gain security. To accept government control.

Absolute Monarch Divine Right of Kings A king with no limit to his power. The concept that Royal power came from God and should not be questioned.

Popular Sovereignty The idea that people should have a say in government

Benevolent Dictator Absolute ruler whose actions are based on the best interests of his/her people

Also called the “Age of Reason” Period of Western history (1700s) when thinkers called for the use of reason in analyzing and improving society.

The Enlightenment brought together the ideas of the Renaissance and the Scientific Revolution. Renaissance artists and writers adopted a more secular outlook on life rather than the spiritual outlook of the Middle Ages. The ideas of the Scientific Revolution created scientific philosophies for seeking the truth. All of these are the basis for the Enlightenment.

Isaac Newton What’s left of Newton’s apple tree Newton is referred to both as the last scientist of the Scientific Revolution, as well as the first great thinker of the Enlightenment. He created Differential and Integral Calculus to study objects in motion and help him with the “apple thing.” He finalized the laws of motion and defined gravity (all objects have a natural attraction that varies with mass and the distance of the objects.

Rene Descartes (day-Kart) Created Analytical Geometry (Algebra +Geometry) Asked the question: What can I know for sure? I doubt everything, except that I doubt. I Doubt; Therefore I Am.... Famous quote “I Think; Therefore I Am.” What else can I know for sure? (He also offered a proof of God’s existence)

Philosophes were thinkers of the early 1700s who tried to use reason to explain all aspects of life. Their key ideas include: Reason, Nature, Happiness, Progress, and Liberty

Enlightenment thinkers thought that like laws in natural science, there were laws governing human society. Laws of nature (natural laws) give people rights of life, liberty and property. Men can build a fair society based on reason (rationality). They challenged the theory of "Divine Right of Kings." Enlightenment thinkers thought that like laws in natural science, there were laws governing human society. Laws of nature (natural laws) give people rights of life, liberty and property. Men can build a fair society based on reason (rationality). They challenged the theory of "Divine Right of Kings."

Voltaire (pen name for Francois Marie Arouet) Candide – (1758) most famous book “I disapprove of what you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it.” Promoted Reason and free speech Attacked absolute monarchs

Jean-Jacques Rousseau Jean-Jacques Rousseau The Social Contract (1762) “Man is born free, yet everywhere he is in chains” King's power comes from people, not by God. The government represents the "general will" of people. King's power comes from people, not by God. The government represents the "general will" of people.

Baron de Montesquieu Baron de Montesquieu On the Spirit of the Laws (1748) “Power should be a check to power” A good government should be divided into 3 branches: executive, legislature and judiciary – branches should check the power of one another SEPARATION OF POWERS 3 branches:3 branches:

Cesare Beccaria Cesare Beccaria Denounced abuses of justice regarding treatment, especially torture of those accused or crimes

Mary Wollestonecraft Advocated education for women A Vindication of the Rights of WomanA Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792), in which she argues that women are not naturally inferior to men, but appear to be only because they lack education. She suggests that both men and women should be treated as rational beings and imagines a social order founded on reason. A Vindication of the Rights of Woman Mother of Mary Wollestonecraft Shelley, author of Frankenstein

The work comprised 35 volumes, with 71,818 articles, and 3,129 illustrations. It presented the achievements of human learning in a single work. Besides offering a summary of information on all theoretical knowledge, it also challenged the authority of the Catholic Church. Denis Diderot Denis Diderot The first Encyclopedia

Candide – (1758) most famous book “I disapprove of what you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it.” Promoted Reason and free speech Attacked absolute monarchs The Social Contract (1762) “Man is born free, yet everywhere he is in chains” King's power comes from people, not by God. The government represents the "general will" of people. Denounced abuses of justice regarding treatment, especially torture of those accused or crimes Advocated education for women A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792), in which she argues that women are not naturally inferior to men, but appear to be only because they lack education. She suggests that both men and women should be treated as rational beings and imagines a social order founded on reason. A Vindication of the Rights of Woman Mother of Mary Wollestonecraft Shelley, author of Frankenstein On the Spirit of the Laws (1748) “Power should be a check to power” A good government should be divided into 3 branches: executive, legislature and judiciary – branches should check the power of one another SEPARATION OF POWERS