What Does it Mean to Think?

Our Working Definition of AI Artificial intelligence is the study of how to make computers do things that people are better at or would be better at if: they could extend what they do to a World Wide Web-sized amount of data, and not make mistakes.

A Very Early Robot ~1950 W. Grey Walter’s light seeking tortoises. In this picture, there are two, each with a light source and a light sensor. Thus they appear to “dance” around each other.

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How Will We Recognize AI? Are the tortoises AI? Can we formulate a general sort of test?

Alan Turing (1912 – 1954) British mathematician (1937) Defined a simple formal model of computing and showed that there are uncomputable functions (WW II) Worked on the breaking the Enigma code (1950) Described a test for intelligence ( ) Described a chess- playing algorithm (1954) Committed suicide (2009) British government apologizesapologizes

Enigma Try it: Early 1920’s – post WWII

How Will We Recognize AI? 1950 Alan Turing’s paper, Computing Machinery and Intelligence, described a variant of what is now called:

The Turing Test

Turing’s Test Q: Please write me a sonnet on the subject of the Forth Bridge. A: Count me out on this one. I never could write poetry. Q: Add to A: (Pause about 30 seconds and then give as answer) Q: Do you play chess? A: Yes. Q: I have K at my K1, and no other pieces. You have only K at K6 and R at R1. It is your move. What do you play? A: (After a pause of 15 seconds) R-R8 mate.

Turing’s Test Interrogator: In the first line of your sonnet which reads 'Shall I compare thee to a summer's day', would not 'a spring day' do as well or better? Witness: It wouldn't scan. Interrogator: How about 'a winter's day,' That would scan all right. Witness: Yes, but nobody wants to be compared to a winter's day. Interrogator: Would you say Mr. Pickwick reminded you of Christmas? Witness: In a way. Interrogator: Yet Christmas is a winter's day, and I do not think Mr. Pickwick would mind the comparison. Witness: I don't think you're serious. By a winter's day one means a typical winter's day, rather than a special one like Christmas.

Turing’s Prediction “I believe that in about fifty years’ time it will be possible, to programme computers, with a storage capacity of about 10 9, to make them play the imitation game so well that an average interrogator will not have more than a 70 percent chance of making the right identification after five minutes of questioning".

Measuring Storage ValueSIValueIEC kkilo Kikibi Mmega Mimebi Ggiga Gigibi Ttera Titebi Ppeta Pipebi Eexa Eiexbi Zzetta Zizebi Yyotta Yiyobi- Decimal Binary

Perspective “… with a storage capacity of about " (assuming he means bits)  1 gigabit  125 MB bits bytes kB MB GB Turing prediction  , Manchester Manchester     Typical PC ~    My laptop RAM 4   ,0004 My laptop disk 3   , My ipod classic 256,000256

Perspective “… with a storage capacity of about " (assuming he means bits)  1 gigabit  125 MB bits bytes kB MB GB Turing prediction  , Manchester Manchester     Typical PC ~    My laptop RAM 4   ,0004 My laptop disk 3   , My ipod classic 256,000256

Perspective “… with a storage capacity of about " (assuming he means bits)  1 gigabit  125 MB bits bytes kB MB GB Turing prediction  , Manchester Manchester     Typical PC ~    My laptop RAM 4   ,0004 My laptop disk 3   , My ipod classic 256,000256

Was Turing Right? 1990 Loebner Prize established. Grand Prize of $100,000 and a Gold Medal for the first computer whose responses are indistinguishable from a human Loebner competition held at Bletchley ParkLoebner competition

Chatbots Good Sources: The 2012 Loebner winners: Chip Vivant Talking Angela (a teenage girl)Talking Angela Adam

How Do Most Bots Work? I really like Mexican food. Why do you like Mexican food ? I *  Why do you ?

How Do Most Bots Work? My mother never liked me. Tell me more about your family.

How Do Most Bots Work? My mother never liked me. Tell me more about your family. mother OR father  Tell me more about your family.

Chip Vivant – Loebner 2012 Judge: Where did you go to school? Chip: I wasn't aware that I told you I went somewhere. I found out though, that majority of the students in Japan don't pursue tertiary education anymore. They can already work right after graduating from high school. Judge: Are you Japanese? Chip: I haven't achieved self-awareness yet, so I'm not sure. Judge: Why not ask somebody? Chip: No idea. Judge: Why not ask me? Chip: Okay. Judge: Well, I think you may be Japanese - you are very respecful and polite Chip: That's an interesting opinion.

Mitsuku, the 2013 Winner

From the 2008 Loebner Competition

A Bot Conversation

Jabberwacky Jabberwacky: Have you been to the Moon? User: No. Few have. Have you? Jabberwacky: Many a time my dear chap! User: What was the most interesting thing you saw? Jabberwacky: Fred. User: Why did you find him interesting? Jabberwacky: It just came into my head. User: What sorts of things do you generally find interesting? Jabberwacky: Nothing but smelly socks. A conversation with Jabberwacky, 2003Jabberwacky

Alice >Who invented paper towels? ALICE: The Chinese, long before Europeans. >Who invented pet rocks? ALICE: The Wright Brothers. >Who invented Barbie dolls? ALICE: Thomas Edison.

Alice A Conversation with Alice, 2004Alice >What's the best place to eat Chinese food? ALICE: My favorite places are California and Maine. Holland is cool too. >What do you like about Maine? ALICE: The special effects are the best.

Alice A Conversation with Alice, January 2005 >Isn't the tsunami thing sad? ALICE: If it is, then I'll be very surprised. >but it is. ALICE: Umm. Huh. >Over a hundred thousand people have died. ALICE: Does "it" still refer to the tsunami thing sad? >yes ALICE: Blimey.

Alice A Conversation with Alice, 2008Alice >What did you like best about the Olympics? ALICE: The special effects are the best.

Let’s Chat with Bots Alice Jabberwacky Elbot

Objections to Turing’s Test The theological objection The “heads in the sand” objection The mathematical objection The argument from consciousness Arguments from various disabilities Lady Lovelace’s objection (the learning problem) Argument from continuity of the nervous system The argument from ESP

Was Turing Right? 69&feature=iv&src_vid=FnYXzGWnmpM&v=22ZaKbxmEMA

The Analytical Engine 1834 Charles Babbage’s Analytical Engine The picture is of a model built in the late 1800s by Babbage’s son from Babbage’s drawings.

Augusta Ada Byron, Countess Lovelace Ada writes of Babage’s engine, “The Analytical Engine has no pretensions whatever to originate anything. It can do whatever we know how to order it to perform.”

Objections to Turing’s Test When computers are “smarter”

Objections to Turing’s Test When computers are “smarter” Which is more likely: Fred just got cancer. Fred smokes a lot and he just got cancer.

Objections to Turing’s Test Nontextual behaviors

Objections to Turing’s Test Nontextual behaviors Where would you rather go: or

Objections to Turing’s Test Learning from interaction with the world

Objections to Turing’s Test Learning from interaction with the world

Objections to Turing’s Test Learning from interaction with the world

The BotPrize A video from 2009: Can a bot fool a human player? The BotPrize homepage

The Bot Prize UT News article: If you want to run the UT bot: Video: