Psychotherapy: …it is a planned emotionally charged confiding interaction between a trained professional and a sufferer. Video Clip

Major Theories used in treatment: Psychoanalysis, Humanistic, Behavioral, Cognitive Biomedical We will look at each in terms of aims, methods, and limitations/criticisms.

Those who provide treatment: Psychologist- doctoral degree that includes training in diagnosis and treatment of disorders. Psychiatrist- M.D. who specializes in treatments of psychological orders. Social Worker- part of a team in monitoring treatments. Counselor- provides limited psychotherapy to those who do not have serious mental problems.

Ethics: All information must be kept confidential. One exception- if the patient threatens to hurt someone else.

Psychoanalytic Treatment Aims: Problems stem from childhood anxiety. Insight therapy helps patients develop an understanding of inner conflicts. Freud founding father of Psychoanalysis. Psychodynamic therapists are the more modern adaptation.

Psychoanalytic Treatment Methods: Emphasizes the importance of the unconscious mind and historical reconstruction. Free Association- verbalization of any thoughts or feelings that come to conscious mind. Dream Analysis- a patient’s unfulfilled wishes and desires are part of latent dream content. Insight (interpretation) is offered. Video

Humanistic Therapy Aims: Emphasize a persons inherent potential for self-fulfillment. Grow in self-awareness and self acceptance. Focus on conscious thoughts, responsibility, growth, the present, and future. Video

Humanistic Therapy Methods: Client-centered therapy- focus on self perception rather than therapist interpretation. Client and Therapist are equal parts of the healing process. Emphasis is on active listening. Client-centered therapy must have 3 conditions for it to work: Genuineness Unconditional positive regard Empathy Group Therapy Family Therapy

Behavior Therapy Aims: Emphasis on changing learned behaviors rather than understanding feelings. Evolved out of classical conditioning and operant conditioning. Common applications- Anxiety and Phobic Disorders. Video

Behavior Therapy Methods: Counterconditioning- Systematic Desensitization- gradual decrease in anxiety by creating new associations for the stimulus. (virtual therapy) Aversion Therapy- creates an unpleasant response to a previously enjoyable stimulus. (Antabuse) Operant Conditioning- behavior modification, token economy.

Cognitive Therapy Aims: Thinking controls our feelings. Teach people new ways of thinking. Used widely for depression. Video

Cognitive Therapy Methods: Therapist help clients to reverse negative beliefs. Positive thinking exercises. Cognitive-Behavior Therapy- Integrates two styles. Change the way we act and think.

The Biomedical Therapies These include physical, medicinal, and other forms of biological therapies. Drug Treatments Surgery Electric-shock therapy Used if: The client is too agitated, disoriented, or unresponsive for psychotherapy. The disorder has a strong biological component. Dangerous to themselves or others.

Biomedical Therapy Aims: Specific medical procedures and medications that can help relieve symptoms of disorders. Most often used in conjunction with talk therapy.

Biomedical Therapy Methods: Drug therapy Medications are divided into 4 categories: Anti-psychotics-similar to dopamine Anti-depressants-increase norepinephrine and serotonin Anti-convulsants Anti-anxiety They reduce or increase activity at all receptor sites for NT. Video of how NT and drugs (Zoloft) work. Electroconvulsive- Shock therapy used to treat depression. rTMS modern approach. Psychosurgery- least used. eg. Lobotomy

Evaluating Psychotherapies Within psychotherapies cognitive therapies are most widely used, followed by psychoanalytic and family/group therapies.

The Relative Effectiveness of Different Therapies Which psychotherapy would be most effective for treating a particular problem? Disorder Therapy Depression Behavior, Cognition, Interpersonal Anxiety Cognition, Exposure, Stress Inoculation Bulimia Cognitive-behavior Phobia Behavior Bed Wetting Behavior Modification OBJECTIVE 14| Summarize the findings on which psychotherapies are most effective for specific disorders.