Magnetic Memory: Data Storage and Nanomagnets Magnetic Memory: Data Storage and Nanomagnets Mark Tuominen Professor of Physics.

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Presentation transcript:

Magnetic Memory: Data Storage and Nanomagnets Magnetic Memory: Data Storage and Nanomagnets Mark Tuominen Professor of Physics

10 GB GB GB GB GB 2007 Data Storage. Example: Advancement of the iPod Hard drive Magnetic data storage Uses nanotechnology! Review

Ferromagnet uniform magnetization anisotropy axis ("easy" axis) Electron magnetic moments ("spins") Aligned by "exchange interaction" Bistable: Equivalent energy for "up" or "down" states

The Bistable Magnetization of a Nanomagnet A single-domain nanomagnet with a single easy axis (uniaxial anisotropy) has two stable magnetization states topview shorthand z or H MzMz MzMz MzMz H Bistable. Ideal for storing data - in principle, even one nanomagnet per bit. hysteresis curve E = K 1 sin 2 H switching field

Ferromagnets are used to store data ? Ferromagnet with unknown magnetic state Current N S 0 S N 1

Magnetic Data Storage A computer hard drive stores your data magnetically Disk NS direction of disk motion Write Head __ Bits of information NS Read Head Signal current

Scaling Down to the Nanoscale Increases the amount of data stored on a fixed amount of real estate ! Now ~ 100 billion bits/in 2, future target more than 1 trillion bits/in 2 25 DVDs on a disk the size of a quarter.

Improving Magnetic Data Storage Technology The UMass Amherst Center for Hierarchical Manufacturing is working to improve this technology Granular Media Perpendicular Write Head Soft Magnetic UnderLayer (SUL) coil Y. Sonobe, et al., JMMM (2006) 1 bit CHM Goal: Make "perfect" media using self-assembled nano-templates Also, making new designs for storage

Filling the Template: Making Cobalt Nanorods by Electrochemical Deposition WE REF electrolyte CE Co 2+ Co metal

Binary Representation of Data one bit1 or 0 only 2 choices two bits00, 01, 10, 11 4 choices three bits 000, 001, 010, 011, 100, 101, 110, choices n bits has 2 n choices For example, 5 bits has 2 5 = 32 choices... more than enough to represent all the letters of the alphabet

Binary representation of lower case letters 5-bit "Super Scientist" code: ex: k = S N S N S N N S N S OR (Coding Activity: Use attractive and repulsive forces to "read" the magnetic data!)

NEW! Multi-State Representation of Data Disk Write Head Read Head == 0 1 direction of disk motion "CLUSTERS"

M = -3M = -1M = +1M = +3 3-Nanomagnet Cluster Imaged with a MFM (Magnetic Force Microscope) Accomplished in the CHM!

"Multi-state" representation of lower case letters 1032 What is the word?