Biology – The Building Blocks of Life Objective 2 State and explain the statements of The Cell Theory

Cell Theory All living things are made up of at least one cell The cell is the smallest unit of structure and function in living things All cells come from pre-existing cells

Biology – The Building Blocks of Life Objective 4 Identify the structure and functions of cell organelles

1: Cell Membrane / Plasma Membrane Structure A bilayer (2 layers) of lipid. The major portion of the membrane. The fatty acids point inward and the glycerol are on the outside. Protein molecules serve as channels and pumps to move molecules through the membrane Carbohydrates are attached to the proteins and act as the cell’s identification card, which allows cells to recognize and interact with each other

Phospholipid Bilayer Outside of the cell Carbohydrate Lipid Layer 2nd Lipid Layer  Protein Inside of the cell

1: Cell Membrane / Plasma Membrane (continued) Function regulates what Enters and Leaves the cell aids in the protection and support of the cell membranes communicate with other cells

2: Cytoplasm Liquid portion of the cell; mostly made of water holds the organelles, most chemical reactions take place here.

3: Nucleus Information center, control center of the cell Prokaryote - cells without a nucleus. All bacteria Eukaryote - cells with a nucleus. All other kingdoms of life.

4: Nuclear Envelope / Nuclear Membrane Membrane that surrounds the nucleus contains nuclear pores that allow materials to pass into and out of the nucleus

5: Nucleolus Dark portion in the nucleus Made of RNA and Protein Where Ribosomes are made

6: Chromosomes Genetic material in the nucleus DNA are attached to special proteins to form chromosomes

7: Vacuoles Cellular closets Storage of food, water, wastes, other molecules

8: Golgi Apparatus / Golgi Bodies Cell shipping flattened Membranes modifies, collects, packages, and distributes molecules to be shipped out of the cell

9: Endoplasmic Reticulum (E.R.) Moves materials Inside the cell Rough E.R. – covered with ribosomes Smooth E.R. – has no Ribosomes

Transport in the Cell Nucleus Golgi Body Endoplasmic Reticulum Ribosomes Nucleus Golgi Body Endoplasmic Reticulum Vacoule

10: Ribosomes Where Proteins are made (the site of Protein Synthesis) Made of RNA and Protein

11: Mitochondria Powerhouse of the cell changes energy from one form to another Cristae - folded membranes to increase surface area

12: Cytoskeleton Microtubules (small tubes) Support and Shape form centrioles cillia – Hair-like projections in unicellular organisms flagella – Whip-like for movement in unicellular organisms Microfibrils (small thin fibers) cytoplasmic streaming Moves cytoplasm and organelles around in the cell

Cytoskeleton

Biology – The Building Blocks of Life Objective 5 Compare and contrast plant and animal cells

1: Centrioles (Animal Only) Located near the Nucleus arranges Chromosomes for cell division made of microtubules

2: Lysosomes (Animal only) Cell clean up crew special Vacuoles with digestive Enzymes

1: Cell Wall (Plant Only) Surrounds the cell membrane in plants, algae, and some bacteria. Made of three layers: 1: Pectin gluey substance that holds cells together 2: Primary cell wall Made of Cellulose - elastic, cell can stretch 3: Secondary cell wall - Mostly made of Lignin - rigid structure

Cell Wall Arrangement

2: Plastids (Plant Only) Special Vacuoles to store Pigment (color molecules) chlorophyll - Green Chloroplasts contains the chlorophyll in plants Carotene - Orange xanthophylls – Yellow Phycobilin - Red

Plastid  Chloroplast

Other Plant/Animal Differences Plants have a larger central water vacuole Holds water to keep the plant upright = “Turgor Pressure” Shape Cell wall makes plants more rectangular